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Genetic Mutations

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This text explores various genetic mutations, including frameshift mutations, point mutations (deletion, addition, substitution), missense, nonsense, and silent mutations. It discusses how these mutations can alter the reading frame of mRNA, leading to changes in protein synthesis. Through examples, such as the phrase "The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat," we illustrate how alterations impact the correctness of words and corresponding amino acids. This analysis aids in comprehending the complexities of genetic mutations and their implications in biology.

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Genetic Mutations

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  1. Genetic Mutations

  2. Frameshift Mutation Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/hot/but/the/old/man/did/not/get/his/hat. Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Frameshift T/hes/unw/ash/otb/utt/heo/ldm/and/idn/otg/eth/ish/at.

  3. Point Mutation: Deletion Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/hot/but/the/old/man/did/not/get/his/hat Thesunwasotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/otb/utt/heo/ldm/and/idn/otg/eth/ish/at. Frameshift What happened to the reading frame? How many words are still correct?

  4. Point Mutation: Addition Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/hot/but/the/old/man/did/not/get/his/hat Thesunwasshotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/sho/tbu/tth/eol/dma/ndi/dno/tge/thi/sha/t. • Frameshift What happened to the reading frame? How many words are still correct?

  5. Point Mutation: Substitution Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/hot/but/the/old/man/did/not/get/his/hat Thesunwasnotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. Reading Frame The/sun/was/not/but/the/old/man/did/not/get/his/hat. What happened to the reading frame? How many words are still correct?

  6. Frameshift Mutation GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Frame Shift G/CAT/GCT/GCG/AAA/CAT/TGG/CTG/A mRNA: C/GUA/CGA/CGC/UUU/GUA/ACC/GAC/U Amino acid: val-arg-arg-phe-val-thr-aspt How many amino acids are correct?

  7. Point Mutation: Deletion GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TCT/GCG/AAA/CAT/TGG/CTG/A mRNA: CGU/AGA/CGC/UUU/GUA/ACC/GAC/U Amino acid: arg-arg-arg-phe-val-thr-aspt What happened to the reading frame? How many amino acids are still correct?

  8. Point Mutation: Insertion GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TGG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/ACC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-thr-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATGGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATAGCTGCGAAACATGGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TAG/CTG/CGA/AAC/ATG/GGC/TGA mRNA: CGU/AUC/GAC/GCU/UUG/UAC/CCG/ACU Amino acid: arg-iso-aspt-ala-leu-tyr-pro-thr What happened to the reading frame? How many amino acids are still correct?

  9. Point Mutation: Substitution GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATTCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TTC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/AAG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-lys-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg What happened to the reading frame? How amino acids are still correct?

  10. Missense Mutation: GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATCCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TCC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/AGG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-arg-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg What happened to the reading frame? How amino acids changed?

  11. Nonsense Mutation: GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATGCTGCGAAACTTTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACT/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGA/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-Stop What happened to the reading frame? How amino acids changed?

  12. Silent Mutation: GCA/TGC/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACG/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg GCATGCTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCATGGTGCGAAACATTGGCTGA Reading Frame GCA/TGG/TGC/GAA/ACA/TTG/GCT/GA mRNA: CGU/ACC/ACG/CUU/UGU/AAC/CGA/CU Amino acid: arg-thr-thr-leu-cys-asp-arg What happened to the reading frame? How amino acids changed?

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