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ISLAM

ISLAM . Taylor Carrasco Natalie Hirmez Sara McAuliffe Jade Miller IB World Religions, Period 1. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS .

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ISLAM

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  1. ISLAM Taylor Carrasco Natalie Hirmez Sara McAuliffe Jade Miller IB World Religions, Period 1

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What is the human condition? Humans must submit themselves to the will of God because without guidance, they are likely to slowly distance themselves from the path of holy actions that God has set in place to prevent moral error • Where are we going? The faithful will go to Janna (heaven), a paradise if God’s will is abided. The disobedient will go to Jahannam (hell) to be punished for committing sins and not repenting • How do we get there? Salvation is attained by submission to God’s will. This can be accomplished by acknowledging tawhid, which is the oneness of God, and submitting to his will, as revealed by the prophet Muhammad.

  3. RITUALS

  4. Five Pillars of Islam • 1. Salat (prayer)- Muslims are required to pray 5 times a day facing the sacred city of Mecca. Before prayer, Muslims must purify themselves through the washing of the hands, face, arms, and feet with water. • 2. Sawm (fasting)- To refrain from having any food, drink, and sexual conduct from dawn to sunset. Muslims are required to fast during the month of Ramadan every year. • 3. Pigrimage (hajj)-Physical and spiritual journey to Mecca that every financially and physically able Muslim is expected to make once in their lifetime. Specific rituals are performed such as walking around the Ka’ba 7 times • 4. Zakat (charity)- Important aspect to give charity to the poor. Muslims are required to give certain percentages of any type of wealth they have accumulated. Most donate weekly during Friday prayer services • 5. Shahadah (creed)- “La ilaha illa Allah”- Confession of faith, relaying devotion of Muslims to Allah, the Supreme God

  5. Birth, Marriage, and Death • Birth- The Shahadah is recited to the newborn baby and a naming ceremony takes place • Zawaj (marriage)- Contract of marriage, dowry paid by the female. Divorce allowed only if husband repeats “I divorce you” three times and the couple tries to work it out for a year and it fails • Death- The dead body is cleansed, prayers are said, and a burial ceremony ensues

  6. Animal Sacrifice • Muslims believe it is God who has given us the right to kill these animals and kill them • Thus, Muslims are required to mention God at the time the animal is killed

  7. Festivals • Feast of the fast breaking- feast that comes after the fast of Ramadan • Feast of Sacrifice- Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael to God • The New Year- Month of Muharram, believed to be the month of Hijrah • Birthday of Muhammad- Twelfth day of third month • Shia Festivals only- Ashura (day of martyrdom), Id al-Ghadir (Muhammad’s final sermon festival), birthdays of imams

  8. Gender and Society • Men and women are separated during worship; Friday prayer services at mosque mandatory for men • Hajj depends on pre and post menopause for women • Purity issue for women and dress, especially the hijab (head veil) • Ju’ma (Friday) prayer day • Halal and Haram are diet laws to unite the community (e.g. prohibit the consumption of pork)

  9. SACRED TEXTS

  10. The Qur’an • The primary text of Islam • Required reading for anyone who wants to understand Islam • Means “the recital” in Arabic • Angel Gabriel required Muhammad to recite it. • Loses its value when translated in any other than its original language of Arabic • Tafsir was the interpretation of the Qur’an that had to follow certain rules and conditions

  11. Hadith • Second only to the Qur’an • Collections of Islamic traditions and laws • Included traditional sayings of Muhammad and later Islamic stages

  12. Sufi Texts • Sufism is a mystical belief system • Renowned for contributions to world literature • Beautiful, symbolic poetry and devotional story-telling • Translated in the 19th century by European travelers and scholars

  13. DOCTRINES AND BELIEFS • Doctrines and beliefs came from the Qur’an, Hadith, Sufi texts, and Islamic law (Sharia) • Eschatology- Day of judgment (Yawm al-Din) and that there was rewards and punishment in the life to come in the formsJanna and Jahanam (heaven and hell) • Cosmogony and Cosmology- Allah is the creator, Angels such as Gabriel

  14. The Qur’an and Hadith are textual authorities • Muhammad, imams, caliphs, other leaders of different sects are all authoritative figures • The ulama, or group of scholars, and the umma give a sense of communal identity • Sunnis have 4 schools of law

  15. Religious Experience • The umma is the community of Muslims. In a largely personal religion, it brings people with common beliefs together -The five pillars also contribute to the unity of Islam (Sunnis, Shiites, and Sufis all participate in the five pillars) -Shared by all Muslims

  16. Conversion • Anyone can convert to Islam • Repetition of the Shahadah is necessary to convert

  17. Mosque • There is no central temple because Islam started as a nomadic religion • Friday is a day of prayer • Prayers are led by an imam • Muslims are required to pray at the mosque one day a week • Also functions as a place of study called madrashas

  18. Women and Islam • Muhammad raised the status of women • He forbade female infanticide • Allowed restricted polygamy • Women subordinate to fathers, husbands, and brothers (may vary) • Divorce was permitted • Hijab is considered as a protecting shield against the evil minds of men

  19. Gender in the origins of Islam • Women contributed significantly to the early development of Muslim community • Women were the first to learn of Muhammad’s initial revelation • Played an important role in the processes of collecting all the revelations from both written and oral sources into a single, authoritative text • The Prophet often consulted women and considered their opinions seriously. His first wife, Khadija, was his chief adviser as well as his first and foremost supervisor

  20. ETHICS AND MORAL CONDUCT • Islamic taboos: Haram- cannot eat pork, dogs, mules, birds of prey, smoke, gamble, or drink alcohol • Most women must veil their heads to refrain from provoking lust with their hair, and are subject to the patriarchal society, even though Muhammad increased their status significantly

  21. Ethics and Moral Conduct cont… • Akhlaq- moral conduct and moral principles • Jihad- Most see it wrongly as Holy Wars, but is actually the struggle in the path of God • Sharia (Islamic law) and Qanun are both guiding forces in following the sacred rules of the Islamic religion

  22. Case Study- The Hijab http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/12/generation.islam.hijab/ • Pro-Hijab: • Makes women feel liberated • Makes women feel they are doing their religion proud • Doesn’t make them worry about being attractive or cute enough- stresses against materialism of aesthetic appearance • Allows women an identity- men can like them for their mind, not their body • Represents beauty and keeping their “inner jewel” hidden until it’s meant to be found • Anti- Hijab: • Exhausts women in the West • People who see women with hijabs believe they are subjugated to their fathers • View them as terrorists • Can be viewed as a political expression- not a positive one • Wearing the Hijab is a choice and sometimes confuses mothers that escaped Middle Eastern countries like Iran when their daughters decide to wear the hijab • Gilrs who wear the hijab often wonder what it’s like to go to prom, get a tan, and have a boyfriend but feel it is noble to honor their faith and that it is already paying off

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