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19 th International Bonding Conference 2013 Attachment and the Essence of Relationship

“R esults of actual oxytocin research in relation to attachment and possible connections with bonding “. 19 th International Bonding Conference 2013 Attachment and the Essence of Relationship Bruges, Belgium (07-09 June). Table of content. Generally accepted information about oxytocin

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19 th International Bonding Conference 2013 Attachment and the Essence of Relationship

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  1. “Results of actual oxytocin research in relation to attachment and possible connections with bonding “ 19th International Bonding Conference 2013 Attachment and the Essence of Relationship Bruges, Belgium (07-09 June)

  2. Table of content • Generally acceptedinformationaboutoxytocin • What´snew in thistopic? • Actualresultsconcerningpsychologigaleffectsandoxytocin in attachmentprocesses (human studies) • Summary of the resultsconcerningoxytocinandbonding • Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenbondingandattachment

  3. Personal introduction

  4. Generally acceptedinformationaboutoxytocin (OT) • very old from an evolutionary perspective and can be found almost unchanged in all kinds of mammals • consists of nine amino acids differing only in two of them from vasopressin (Arginine vasopressin; AVP) • neuropeptide in the blood and in the brain, generated in the hypothalamus (two main nuclei) • OT-levels tend to be stable over time (Levine A, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R, Weller, 2007)

  5. Growing evidence for relvevance in psychological processes… Anmerkung: Die Abbildung wurde aus dem Buch „Biological Psychology“ entnommen. (Rosenzweig & Breedlove, 2002) (3. Auflage) (S.132)

  6. Neurobiological backgroundandphysiology • Projectionsfromparaventricularoxytocinergicneurons in different areas of the brainlikebulbusolfactorius, frontal cortex, amygdala etc. (Bujjis et al., 1985) • Somebrainsystemsareespeciallyequippedwithoxytocinreceptorslike the amygdala (Ferguson et al., 2000; Kirsch et al., 2005) and the limbicsystem (Insel & Young, 2000) • Increaseorreductionisgovernedby the brain, estrogenandmanyother NT, as well assensorystimulationduringsuckling, warmth of the body, touchor sexual stimulation (Lund et al., 2002; Kendrick et al., 1986; Sansone et al., 2002; Stock & Uvnäs-Moberg, 1988)

  7. Psychological effects of oxytocin in attachmentprocesses(human studies) • Effects on the distribution of warmth in the body of the mother (Eriksson et al., 1996) • strong negative correlations of agressionwithvalues of oxytocinandhigh positive oneswithcalmnessandinterest in socialinteraction (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1990; 1993) • reduction of anxiety in stressfulsituations (Heinrichs et al., 2002) • augmentation of trust in socialsituations (Kosfeld & Heinrichs et al., 2005) • experiences of socialdeprivation in russianorphansduring the firstmonth of liferesult in loweroxytocinreactions (Wismer- Fries & Pollak et al., 2005) • Attachmentdisordersandpsychopathologicaldevelopment in generalareassociatedwithinsufficientlevels of oxytocin

  8. What´snew in thistopic? Currentstudiesfocus on psychologicalmeasures, whichbecamemoredifferentiatedandadress wideranging aspects of mother-infantrelations: • maternalbehaviorandcognitions • maternalsensitivity (Prior et Glaser, 2006) • attachmentbehavior in infants (Prior et Glaser, 2006) • maternalmind-mindedness (Meins et al., 2001; Meins, 2002; Arnott et Meins, 2007) • oxytocinandit´simpact on psychotherapy • geneticstudies

  9. Actualresultsconcerningpsychologigaleffectsandoxytocin in attachmentprocesses (human studies) Oxytocinandattachment • OT-levelsacrosspregnancyfacilitates postnatal maternalbehaviorand the formation of an emotional bondbetweenmotherandinfant in humansbyactingto reduce anxiety and to ameliorate responses to external stresses • mothers who have a less anxious state of mind are more able to increase their focus on infant care (Uvnas-Moeberg et al., 1990; Chiodera et al., 1991; Light etal., 2000) • can regulate their own mood (Frasch et al., 1995) • and recognize and respond effectively to nonverbal infant cues in the context of a social learning and rewardsystem (Domes et al., 2007)

  10. Actualresultsconcerningpsychologigaleffectsandoxytocin in attachmentprocesses (human studies) Oxytocinandattachment • plasmaoxytocinconcentrationsmeasuredduringearlypregnancyandonemonth after deliverypredict positive and adaptive maternalbehaviors, such asaffectionatetouch, motheresevocalization („baby talk“) andmothertoinfantgaze (Feldmann etal., 2007) • motherswithincreasedoxytocinresponsesaremore sensitive of moods, emotionsandphysicalsensations, lesscompulsive, schooldrivenandtaskoriented (Strathearn, Iyengar, Fonagy et Kim, 2012) • securemotherscomparedtoinsecure –dismissing (avoidant) mothersdisplayhigheroxytocinlevels after interactingwiththeirinfants (Strathearn et al., 2009)

  11. Actualresultsconcerningpsychologigaleffectsandoxytocin in attachmentprocesses (human studies) Oxytocinandpsychotherapy • sensitivity of caregivingiscruacialforhealthydevelopment (Schore, 1994) • poororunstablecareresultsleadtopersistingdifficulties in formingandmaintainingsocialrelationshipsandincreasedvulnerabilitytodepression, anxietydisorders, substanceabuse , personalitydisorderand adult physicalhealthdisorders (Fonagy, Target & Gergely, 2000; Zeanah; 2000; Felittietal., 1998) • potential role of intranasaloxytocin in the treatment of disorders, such asmaternalneglect, post-partum depressionandaddictionisexplored (Strathearn, 2011; Striepens et al., 2011) • injections of oxytocininto the bloodhasbeenfoundtoreducecertainphysicalandpsychologicalsymptoms of autism (Hollander et al., 2003; 2007) • oxytocinadministrationattenuates stress reactivity in borderlinepersonalitydisorderscomparedwith a placebo (Simeon et al., 2011)

  12. Actualresultsconcerningpsychologigaleffectsandoxytocin in attachmentprocesses (human studies) Oxytocinandgenetics • oxytocinreceptorgene (A allele of OXTR rs2254298) associatedwithsecureattachment in non-caucasianinfants (Chen et al., 2011) • oxytocinreceptorgene (A allele of OXTR rs2254298) predictsattachmentanxiety in femalesandautismspcetrumtraits in males (Chen et al., 2011)

  13. Overview (Nagasawa, Okabe, Mogi et Kikusui, 2012)

  14. Conclusion results in animalreserachsuggeststhatbiologicalfactorscontributestronglytoboth the quality of maternalcareand intergenerational transmission of the motivationandcapacitytoprovidecaretooffspring oxytocinproductionas well asoxytocinreceptivityseemstoplay a role levels of oxytocinand the responsiveness of oxytocinergicsystemto emotional stimulationvariesfromone individual toanother (Turner et al., 1991)

  15. Summary of the resultsbetweenattachmentandoxytocin high fear of closeness P = .009** less fear of closeness

  16. Summary of the resultsbetweenoxytocinandbonding • Bonding seems to lead to an increase of oxytocin release after the 7th, but not after the first bonding session • Bonding seems to influence the absolute responsiveness of the oxytocinergic system

  17. SD= 10,63 SD= 5,98

  18. Summary of the resultsbetweenoxytocinandbonding • Bonding seems to lead to an increase of oxytocin release after the 7th, but not after the first bonding session • Bonding seems to influence the absolute responsiveness of the oxytocin system • The absolute responsiveness or flexibility of the oxytocinergic system seems to be associated with a reduction of psychopathological symptoms

  19. Results of ANOVA and means of the dif.-value on the scale “GSI” according to the three reactivity groups of oxytocin (first session) (n=38) P = .016* M = - 0,28 M = - 0,52 M = - 0,70

  20. Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenbondingandattachment (KonniStauss, 2006) Need forBonding Need forAtttachment needfor a securebasisthatprovideswellbeeingandsecurity in times of troubleandthreatening satisfaction of attachmentneedsresult in commitment character of reciprocal, long-termresponsibility long-termrelation • needforphysicalclosenessand emotional openess • nocomittmentorresponsibilitythrough the satisfaction of bondingneeds • short-term relational resonsibility • emotional contactandapproach

  21. Thank you for your attention !

  22. Questions ??? Pleaseask !  Contact:Deignis Fachklinik gGmbH Walddorferstr. 23 72227 Egenhausen (Germany) psychotherapieakademie@yahoo.de

  23. References • The role of oxytocin in mother-infantrelations: a systematicreview of human studies (Galbally et al., 2011) • An oxytocinreceptorgene variant predictsattachmentanxiety in femalesandautism-spectrumtraits in males (Chen & Johnson, 2011) • Oxytocinreceptor (OXTR) polymorphismsandattachment in human infants (Chen et al., 2011) • Oxytocinand mutual communication in mother-infantbonding (Nagasawa, Okabe, Mogi et Kikusui, 2012) • Maternal Neglect: Oxytocin, Dopamine and the Neurobiology of Attachment (Strathearn, 2011) • Maternaloxytocinresponseduringmother–infantinteraction: Associationswith adult temperament (Strathearn et al., 2012) • A criticalreview of the influence of oxytocin nasal spray on socialcognition in humans; evidenceandfuturedirections (Graustella & MacLeod; 2012) • Oxytocinadministrationattenuates stress reactivity in borderlinepersonalitydisorder : A pilotstudy (Simeon et al., 2011)

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