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SHORT TERM (WORKING) MEMORY

SHORT TERM (WORKING) MEMORY. The phenomenology of STM Information-Processing models Broadbent’s “p-system ” (1958) Waugh & Norman’s primary memory (1965) (borrowing James’ term) Atkinson & Shiffrin’s multistore model (1968).

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SHORT TERM (WORKING) MEMORY

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  1. SHORT TERM (WORKING) MEMORY • The phenomenology of STM • Information-Processing models • Broadbent’s “p-system” (1958) • Waugh & Norman’s primary memory (1965) (borrowing James’ term) • Atkinson & Shiffrin’s multistore model (1968)

  2. MEMORY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES INTHE “MODAL MODEL”(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) SENSORY REGISTERS sensory inputs visual tactile auditory SHORT-TERM STORE (STS) temporary, working memory control processes: - rehearsal - coding - decisions - retrieval strategies LONG-TERM STORE (LTS) permanent memory store

  3. Characteristics of the short-term store: the classic period • Brief duration • (Peterson & Peterson 1959) • Limited capacity • (Miller, 1956) • Dominance of speech-like codes • (Conrad, 1964; Baddeley 1966) • Serial “retrieval” process • (Sternberg 1966) • STM Rehearsal consolidates LTM • (Rundus & Atkinson 1971) • Forgetting through decay • (Peterson & Peterson 1959) • Or displacement • (Waugh & Norman 1965)

  4. SUPPORT AND PROBLEMS FOR THE CLASSIC VIEW • Dissociations in amnesia • HM, others show STM LTM failure • But PV, others learn despite poor STM • Recency effects in free recall • Distraction after last word eliminates it (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1965) • But distraction after every word doesn’t (Bjork & Whitten, 1974) • Primacy effects in free recall • Strong correlation between rehearsal and recall (Fischler & Rundus, 1970) • But this can be decoupled by ‘maintenance” rehearsal (Craik & Watkins, 1975) • STM capacity and speech • Impact of speech on capacity, errors (e.g., Baddeley, 1966) • But visual, semantic codes may also play a role in “STM” tasks (e.g., Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)

  5. Brain activity and theSTM-LTM distinction • Talmi, et al. (2005) • 12-word lists shown visually • Test for recognition early vs. late in seq • BOLD response (fMRI) contrasted Early vs Late: Early vs Control: So: LTM retrieval activates MTL; STM retrieval does not

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