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Understanding Wave-Particle Duality and Light-Matter Interaction in Laser Optics

This course focuses on key concepts in laser optics, including the wave-particle duality of light, polarization, momentum carried by light, and light-matter interaction. Students will review fundamental topics from previous classes and explore various detector technologies. The course will cover essential chapters from the textbook, emphasizing Maxwell's equations, light propagation, diffraction, and the classical and semiclassical models of light-matter interaction. Important applications such as eye surgery, laser cooling, and nonlinear optics will also be discussed. Midterm exam details are provided.

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Understanding Wave-Particle Duality and Light-Matter Interaction in Laser Optics

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  1. Agenda • Review from last class • Where are we in the course? • Wave-particle duality of light • Polarization • Momentum carried by light • Interference with single photons • Light-matter interaction M.E.: pp. 263-271 Introduction to quantum optics M.E.: pp. 27-44 Aside: Problem set 2 on website and can be picked up. MIDTERM: 26 October 2004 7PM-8:30PM Location: Stirling412A and 412B Laser Optics – Phys460

  2. 1. Review: detector technology • General detector technology • photovoltaic (photodiode, avalanche photodiode) • photomultiplier • photoconductor • thermal detectors (far infrared) • Issues for detection • “Dark” signal (noise equivalent power) (e.g., 100 fW) • Quantum efficiency (e.g., 0.7) • Responsivity (e.g. 1 A/W) • Linearity • Speed (e.g. 10 MHz) • Ease of use 200nm-15m 200nm-1100nm 2-10m >1m “Name four issues that must be considered when choosing a detector.” Laser Optics – Phys460

  3. 2. Course syllabus Introduction • Chap. 1 - Simple description of laser optics [pp.1-19]. Light propagation • Chap. 2 - Maxwell equations review (inhomogeneous wave equation) [pp.21-27]. • Chap. 14 - Light propagation: ray and paraxial wave (Gaussian) optics [pp.469-501, pp. 507-511], diffraction and Fourier optics [pp. 511-523], Holography [pp. 594-609], fiber optics and telecommunications [pp. 609-618]. • Chap. 9. - Light: wave or particle? [pp. 263-271]. Light-matter interaction (classical) • Chap. 2 - Classical dispersion [pp. 27-44, 49-62]. • Chap. 3. - Classical absorption [pp. 65-112]. Application: eye surgery [not in text]. Application: brief introduction to laser cooling [not in text]. Application: brief introduction to nonlinear optics [This is discussed in your textbook (Chap. 17) but at much more depth than we will cover in class] Light-matter interaction (semiclassical) and the laser • Chap. 7 - Semiclassical light-matter interaction (stimulated absoprtion/emission) [pp. 211-242] • Chap. 10. - Laser gain and threshold [pp. 293-318] • Chap. 11. - Laser (cw) power and frequency [pp. 321-363] • Chap. 13 - Laser (ML) multimode and transient [pp. 365-403] Laser Optics – Phys460

  4. y x 3. Wave-particle duality of light • Up to now, considered light only as a wave. • Consider transmission though a polarizer: • Consider light as a particle: y polarization Malus’ Law: Axis determined by polarizer x Single photon source For a single photon Malus’ Law does not hold. If number of photons is large, we approach Laser Optics – Phys460

  5. 3. Wave-particle duality of light - momentum • Light carries momentum • M.E. discuss the recoil of atoms when they emit a photon • Optical tweezers: Glass sphere “optical trapping”/“optical tweezers” -interesting bioapplications Intensity(y) Laser Optics – Phys460

  6. d D 3. Wave-particle duality of light - interference • Young double-slit experiment: easily understand if light is a wave. y Laser Optics – Phys460

  7. d D 3. Wave-particle duality of light - interference • If light is a particle, shouldn’t we see:. Each photon goes through both slits and interferes with itself! It still is measured at a specific y on the screen. y If we measure which slit the photon went through, the interference pattern is NOT observed. Laser Optics – Phys460

  8. 3. Wave-particle duality summary • Brief introduction to “quantum optics”. • Classical wave predictions correspond to quantum optics probability distribution functions. • Quantum optics results approach classical optics if the number of photons is very large. • As Feynman said: Wave or particle? Light is neither! • With lasers, we work very hard to make many photons in the same state (phase state). Classical optics model works extremely well! M.E.: pp 263-271 Laser Optics – Phys460

  9. Inhomogenous wave equation 4. Light-matter interaction • Return to Maxwell! • But what is “polarization”? Dipole moment density induced in the material by E! Maxwell no help in determining ‘P’. Laser Optics – Phys460

  10. E2 E2 - E1 =h E1 4. Light-matter interaction • Classical light interacting with classical matter • Classical light interacting with “quantum” matter Semiclassical model Laser Optics – Phys460

  11. 4. Classical light-matter interaction Please read M.E.: pp. 27-44 Laser Optics – Phys460

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