present participle past participle

1. Unit 2 Grammar and usage present participle past participle

2. 过去分词与现在分词一样，都可以起到形容词的作用，在句中作表语，宾补和定语。或者起到副词作用，在句中作状语。过去分词与现在分词一样，都可以起到形容词的作用，在句中作表语，宾补和定语。或者起到副词作用，在句中作状语。

3. 分词作前置定语(不同含义） 1.interesting , interested ,exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed amusing, amused astonishing, astonished boring, bored confusing, confused disappointing, disappointed encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired 主动与被动 2.rising/risen,falling/fallen, developing /developed ,changing/ changed, fading /faded, boiled/ boiling ,drowning/ drowned--- 进行与完成 3.man-made, wool-making, English-speaking--- wool-making factory English-speaking country 与后面的被修饰词构成主动或被动关系 4.look,expression,smile,laughter,voice--- 音容笑貌名词可以当作表“人”的名词

4. He had a _________ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a ________ (frightening, frightened) voice. China is a developing country. (发展中的) America is a developed country. （发达的） the ruling class 统治阶级 the ruled class 被统治阶级 the changing world （正在变化的） the changed world （变化了的） the surprised face 惊讶的脸色 satisfied smile 满意的微笑

5. boiling water（正在沸腾的） boiled water（已经沸腾过的） fading flowers (正在凋谢的) faded flowers （已经凋谢的） a drowning man（快要淹死的） a drowned man（已经淹死的） falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶 a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯 returned students 归国留学生

6. 用disappointed 填空 disappointing Hissonwas .Theoldmanfeltunhappy. Hissonwas, so he regretted not having prepared much for the test. disappointed 分词和动名词修饰名词时的意义区别:a swimming boy, a swimming pool a walking dictionary, a walking stick running water, running track 动名词作定语表示“目的”

7. 分词作后置定语（-ing, -ed, being –ed) (1).The boy sitting under that tree is my brother. The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother. I know the people building the house there. I know the people who are building the house there

8. The building completed last month is a bank The building that was completed lastmonth is a bank The house being built over there is a shop. (被动,正在建) The house that is being built over there is a shop. The house built over there is a shop. （被动、已建好） The house that is builtover there is a shop.

9. 分词作宾补 I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. (6). The peasants had the tractor working day and night at harvest time. (7). Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

10. 分词作状语——要点注意 • 1.语态 时态 含义：（主动与被动， 一般时与完成时， 时间状语， 原因状语， 方式/伴随状语 ，条件状语， 结果状语，让步状语） • 2.主语一致性： 分词语态与主句主语一致 • 3.避免重复连词 • 4.否定词位置 • 5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义 • 6.有些动词分词作为插入语 • 7.Being done不做状语

11. 错 • 主语一致性 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如： 1.Hearing the news, his tears rolled down his face. When he heard the news, his tears rolled down his face. 2.Watered in time, he could grow the flower better than before. Watering the flower in time, he could grow the flower better than before. Watered in time, the flower could grow better than before. 错

12. D Having finished the work，. A. it was almost six o'clock B. it’ time to surf the Internet. C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper

13. Taken 分词的含义 A.作时间状语： ____ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look. ___________ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer. When we were taken around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look. While I was wandering through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer. B.作原因状语： eg.) _____________ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder. _______________ (know) her address, we could get in touch with her. Because they were encouraged by his heroic deeds, they worked harder. Because we knew her address, we could get in touch with her. Wandering Encouraged Knowing

14. weeping sighing surrounded C.方式/伴随状语; Eg.)She watched the film, _______ (weep ) and _______ (sigh). The teacher stood there, _____________ (surround) by a lot of students. D.作条件状语： Eg.)____________ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better. ______________ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time. If I was given another chance , I would have done the job far better. If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time. Given Playing

15. shooting causing • E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果) Eg.) The hunters fired, __________(shoot) one of the wolves. The bus was held up by the snowstorm, __________ (cause) the delay. • 区别: 不定式表示意外的结果 eg.) He hurried to the station, only __________ (find) the train had left. F.作让步状语： Eg.) ______________ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon. _________________ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. Though it rained heavily, it cleared up very soon. Though he was told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. to find Raining Told

16. 否定词位置及时间的先后Not having been there, we couldn’t describe the scenery well.______________ a reply, he decided to write again.A.Not receivingB. Receiving notC. Not having receivedD. Having not received C 避免重复连词 Because wandering through the square, so I caught sight of a snake-charmer. Wandering through the square, so I caught sight of a snake-charmer. ______________more attention, and the trees could have grown better. A.Given B. They are given C. Giving D. Having given B

17. 有些动词看似被动用主动:感官动词 suffer belong-- D _____________ delicious, the soup was sold out sooner or later. A. To smell B. Smelled C. Smelt D. Smelling _____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered A

18. 被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词）被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词） be seated (sit) , be dressed (wear), be devoted to (devote sth. to ) be involved in ， be addicted to be absorbed in ，be faced with (face/face up to) be convinced (believe) ， be occupied with be determined to ， be intended for based on (depending on) be located in (lie in /stand in) be informed of (know)

19. 对比 1.The film was made based on a true old story. The film was made depending on a true old story. 2. Devoted to his research, he almost forgot everything. Devoting himself to his research, he almost forgot everything. 3.The woman kept her eyes fixed on her baby for quite some time. The woman kept her eyes looking at her baby for quite some time.

20. 分词作插入语但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如：分词作插入语但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如： 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来， talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 ， judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 ， considering--- 考虑到------ taking all things into consideration　全面看来 provided that---/ supposing that--- 如果------ 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 ____________the past, our life is becoming much better. • Comparing with B. Be compared with • C. To compare with D. Compared With D

21. 有些动词含义不同，同一动词两种语态 1.Considering his age, he is not fit for the job. Considered the best detective, he was sent to track down the assassin 2. Judging from past performances, he is not likely to do very well in his exams. Judged unpractical, the plan was abandoned.

22. A B • 下面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了这一点。1.____from his accent, he must be from Australia. A.Judging B.Judged • 2.____innocent,he was set free. • A.Judging B.Judged3.____the state of mind she was in, she’d better stay at home. • A.Considering B.Considered4.____most useful, English is studied by millions of people in the world. • A.Considering B.Considered5._____to be the symbol of the nation, the Great Wall has been well preserved. • A.Considering B.Considered A B B

23. 动词三种形态比较 To catch _________ (catch) the early bus, he got up early. ___________ (catch) the early bus, and you cannot miss the meeting. __________ (catch) the early bus, you cannot miss the meeting. Catch Catching

24. 从句与主句主语不一致时使用 独立结构 名词(代词) +现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

25. The letter having been written, he took it to the post． When the letter had been written, he took it to the post． No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal． Since no one is against it, we will adopt the proposal．

26. 高考连接 • 1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.A. There was B. There being • C. Because there being D.There were • 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A. Time permits B. If time permitted C. Time permittingD. Time's permitting3._____, we all went home happily.A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weatherB. It’s being fine weatherC. It was fine weatherD. It being a fine weather 5.__________, I had to buy a new one.A. My dictionary losingB. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lostD. Because my dictionary lost

27. 6. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. AsB. ForC. WithD. Through 7. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.A. doB. doing C. doneD. to do 8. He stood there silently, his lips_____.A. tremblingB. trembled C. were tremblingD. were trembling 9. _________, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered

28. Rewrite the example sentences with Participle After the government continued restoration work for over 100 years, they realized that the work had not been done very well. While I was reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China. Continuing restoration work for over 100 years, they realized that the work had not been done very well While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.

29. Once they were caught, people who deliberately damaged the monument would be fined or even imprisoned. If the monument is repaired well, it can be restored to its former glory. Once caught, people who deliberately damaged the monument would be fined or even imprisoned. If repaired well, it can be restored to its former glory.

30. Rewrite the example sentences with an attributive 1)The meeting, which was attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 2)When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door which said“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Saying “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

31. Pair work: Do the exercise on page 25 in pairs, using a participle clause to rewrite the sentences.

32. 1. The protection of some significant sites is a problem requiring urgent attention. 2. The World Heritage list established by UNESCO helps to protect important sites. 3. Considering the damage caused by air pollution, the statues have been moved from the open to a protected museum. 4. While bringing in money to a country, tourism can also result in damage to the World Heritage sites there.

33. 5. Knowing the dangers, he chose not to enter the ancient building. 6. After assessing the damage, the expert produced a reconstruction plan. The expert produced a reconstruction plan after assessing the damage. 7. The renovations being incomplete, the public were not allowed onto the site. 8. Did you hear those experts complaining that the world had not paid enough attention to the protection of those ancient monuments?

34. Consolidation

35. I. Multiple choice: 1._____thedistancewastoolongandthetimewasshort,we decidednottodrivetoFlorida. A.Discovering B.Todiscover C.Tohavediscovered D.Discovered 2.----Hi,Mary.Wouldyouliketogototheconcertthisevening? ----Sorry,Tom.____tomorrow’slessons,Ihavenotimetogo outwithyou. A.Notpreparing B.Nothavingprepared C.Nottoprepare D.Beingnotprepared 3.Thebuilding_____willbecompletedinamonth.Itwillbeourlabbuilding. A.topaint B.beingpainted C.tohavepainted D.painting

36. 4.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabig rockbythesideofthepath. A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest 5.—TheEnglishexamisnotdifficult,isit? —_____.EvenTom_____tothetopstudentsfailedinit. A.Yes;belongs B.No;belonged C.Yes;belonging D.No;belonging

37. 6..---Whatdoyousupposemadeherworried? ---_______agoldring. A.Lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Becauseoflosing 7. —Doyoufeellike_____out? —No.I’dratherwe_____ataxi. A.todrive;take B.todrive;took C.driving;take D.driving;took 8.Attheendof2004,therewerearound6,000foreign printingcompaniesinChina,_____uparound4percent ofnationaltotal. A.made B.tomake C.making D.havingmade

38. 10.---Lucydoesn’tseemtobewhatshewas. • ---No．______somuchinthewarhasmadehermore • thoughtful. • Seen B. Herseeing C. Havingseen D. Tohaveseen • 11.—Isthereanypossibilityofthefilm____inParis • InternationalFestival? • —Notintheleast,becauseaudiencegenerallythink • littleofit. • A.tryingoutB.triedoutC.totryoutD.beingtriedout • 12.When she returned home, she found the room • lighting and ______ • A. entered B. entering C. to enter D. enter

39. 13.—HowdidyougetintouchwithMrs.Green? —Well,itseemstomethatyou’veforgotten _____her telephonenumbertheotherday. A.totell B.tohavetold C.telling D.beingtold 14._____severaltimes,theyoungscientiststillkeptonmakinghisexperiments. A.Havingbeenfailed B.Havingfailed C.Thoughfailed D.Becauseoffailure.

40. 14.---Whatterribleweather!Isimplycan’tgetthecar ---Whynottry _____ theenginewithsomehotwater? A.starting;filling B.start;filling C.started;tofill D.tostart;fill 15.That’sthebestwayyouthoughtof____intothe dangerousareas． A. stoppingpeoplegetting B. tostoppeoplegetting C. tokeeppeoplegetting D. preventpeoplefromgetting 16.____onthetopofthemountainisanancienttower_____ backto2hundredyearsago. A. Standing;dating B. Tostand;todate C. Havingstood;dating D. Stand; dated

41. 1. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C, did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 4. The boy lay on his back, with his teeth ,his right hand, and his glaring eyesstraight upward. A. set, raising, looked B. set, raised, looking C. setting, raised, looked D. to set, raising, looking

42. ____from space, our earth, with water 70% of its • surface, appears as a “blue planet”. • A. Seeing, covering B. Having seen, covered • C. To see, covered D. Seen, covering 6. My brother left the work half, for you can find many booksscattered on the floor. A. done, lying B. doing, lain C. do , lay D. did, lie

43. 8. Having been served lunch. A. the problem was discussed by the members of the club B. the members of the club discussed the problem C. it was discussed by the members of the club D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members 9. He has lots of books, that he is still young. A. considering B. considered C. being considered D. our considering 10. “more attention, my pronunciation will be improved greatly.”,and “___more time, I will improve my pronunciation greatly”. A. Given, Giving B. Given, Given C. Giving, Giving D. Giving, Given

44. 11. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay • ___is know to all, China will be an and • powerful country in 20 or 30 year’ time. • A. That, advancing B. This advanced • C. As, advanced D. It, advancing

45. 14. Jack didn’t get his bicycle soon enough at Jack’s, for John had a lot of bicycles ______at the time. A. to be repaired, to repair B. repaired, to repair C. to repair, to be repaired D. to repair, repaired 15. She felt ratherthat she should drive the car at such a speed. A. frightening, frightening B. frightened, frightened C. frightening, frightened D. frightened, frightening

46. 16. The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. • have writtenB. to be written • C. being writtenD. written • 17. There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. • followedB. following • C. to be followedD. being followed • 18. _______, liquids can be changed into gases. • A. HeatingB. To be heatedC. HeatedD. Heat • 19. The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. • A. to prepareB. preparing • C. preparedD. was preparing • 20. ______ a reply, he decided to write again. • A. Not receivingB. Receiving not • C. Not having receivedD. Having not received

47. 21. He wrote a letter to his sister, _________ that he would not come back. • A. saying B. to tell C. and telling D. told • 22. We must keep them _______ of what is going on here. • A. informing B. informed • C. to inform D. being informed • 23. _____ to leave the work ______, they kept at it, _____ up until 2 o’clock. • A.Not wanting, unfinished, stayed; • B. Not to want, unfinishing, stayed • C. Not wanting, unfinished, staying; D.Not to wanting, unfinishing, staying

48. 25.It isn’t _______ that he failed to pass the exam. • A. surprise B. surprising • C. surprised D. to surprise • 26.Climbing mountains is ______, so we all felt ______. • A. tiring, tired B. tired, tiring • C. tiring, tiring D. tired, tired • 28. Mary, you must get your room ______ today after school. • cleaned B. Cleaning • C. to clean D. to be cleaned

49. 29. Keep you mouth _______ and your eyes ________. • A. shut, opened B. shutting, open • C. shut, open D. shutting, opened • 30. There is a river _______ around our school. • A. to run B. running C. run D. to be running • 32. The watch ________ now is hers. • A. repaired B. to be repaired • C. being repaired D. having been repaired • 33. Most of the people _______ to the party were old friends. • A. invited B. inviting • C. to invite D. having been invited

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