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The Brain

The Brain. Early Brain Psychology. 1800’s- German physician Franz Gall invented phrenology . He thought bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits Today, neuroscientists study the effect of the brain on behavior. Neuron- a brain cell. Neuron- a brain cell.

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain

  2. Early Brain Psychology • 1800’s- German physician Franz Gall invented phrenology. • He thought bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits • Today, neuroscientists study the effect of the brain on behavior.

  3. Neuron- a brain cell

  4. Neuron- a brain cell Dendrites Axon terminal Soma (Cell Body) Nucleus Axon Myelin Sheath

  5. Parts of the neuron • Dendrites- receive messages from other cells • Cell body (soma)- keeps the cell alive • Axon- passes messages from the cell body to other cells • Myelin sheath- fatty covering of the axon that speeds up the message • Terminal branches- form junctions with other cells

  6. How neurons communicate • The dendrites receive a message from another neuron • If the dendrites receive enough “yes” signals, the neuron sends an action potential down the axon • http://www.childrenshospital.org/research/_neuron/index.html

  7. How neurons communicate • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk&feature=related • When the message reaches the terminal branches of the axon, they release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. • The neurotransmitter attaches to the appropriate spots in the dendrites of the next neuron.

  8. Things to know about neurons • All or nothing principle- a neuron either fires or does not, no partial response • Threshold- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

  9. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine- enable muscle action, learning and memory • Dopamine- influences movement, attention, and emotion • Serotonin- affects moods and drives • Norepinephrine- controls alertness and arousal • Glutamate- major excitatory (YES) • GABA- major inhibitory (NO)

  10. Endorphins • Feel-good neurotransmitters • Endogenous “produced within” morphine • Released to help reduce pain

  11. Drugs • Blood-brain barrier- a “fence” that keeps unwanted substances from the brain • Drugs can either mimic or block the effects of neurotransmitters • Mimic- brain may stop producing neurotransmitters • Block- the signal doesn’t make it

  12. The Nervous System Organs and glands Muscles Arousing Calming

  13. The Nervous System Central Peripheral Somatic Autonomic Organs and glands Muscles Parasympathetic Sympathetic Arousing Calming

  14. Types of Neurons • Sensory- they sense the outside world • Motor- they tell the body to move • Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons

  15. Definitions • Neural Networks- groups of neurons that work together to perform a function • Reflexes- automatic, inborn responses to sensory input

  16. The Brain

  17. Brain Parts • Frontal Lobe- thinking and reasoning • Parietal Lobe- sensation and spatial thinking • Temporal Lobe- hearing • Occipital Lobe- sight • Cerebellum- “little brain”, coordination and balance • Brain Stem- automatic functions such as breathing

  18. Limbic System

  19. Limbic Parts • Thalamus- sensory control switch • Hypothalamus- drives (eating, sleeping, drinking) • Hippocampus- memory • Amygdala- emotion

  20. Association areas- connections

  21. Definitions • Plasticity- the ability of the brain to change itself • Unused areas get taken over and reengineered to do something new • Corpus Callosum- the neural fibers that connect to the halves of the brain

  22. Hemispheres Left Right • Right side • Speech • Rational Thinking • Literal Comprehension • Left side • Emotion • Creativity • Subtle Inferences

  23. Create your own inventory • Use the Wagner Preference Inventory as a guide • Come up with 30 preferences that would indicate right or left brained tendencies

  24. Endocrine System • HypothalamusPituitary gland  all other glands (esp. adrenal glands)

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