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The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Rise of Modern States in the Middle East

The late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a pivotal decline for the Ottoman Empire, influenced by reforms, authoritarianism under Abdul Hamid II, and global conflicts. The empire sided with Germany in WWI, leading to its collapse in October 1918, followed by the partitioning by Britain and France. This period also witnessed the Armenian Genocide, resulting in over 1 million deaths. The emergence of modern Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the establishment of Iran from the Qajar Dynasty reshaped Middle Eastern politics, while Arab nationalism began to take form amid rising tensions in Palestine.

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The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Rise of Modern States in the Middle East

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 18 Section 1

  2. Decline of the Ottoman Empire! • The empire lost land to Great Britain and France in the late 1800’s. • In 1876 Ottoman reformers setup a constitution. • Abdul-hamid II suspended the constitution and ruled by authoritarian means • By 1908, a group of young Turks took the empire Back

  3. Abdul-hamid II

  4. Ottoman Empire before World War I

  5. Impact of World War I • Ottoman sided with Germany • Britain used Lawrence (of Arabia) to defeat the Ottoman empire • In October 1918, the Ottoman fell • Great Britain and France divided the Empire. (made the state Turkey)

  6. Ottoman Empire fell

  7. Massacre of the Armenians • Don’t Write down this slide • During the war, Ottoman Empire killed Christian Armenian men and expelled woman and children (first genocide) • By 1915, 1 million were dead. * visual learners…1,000,000 were dead.

  8. Pictures of the Armenian massacre

  9. The creation of Turkey(O.K. write this) • Mustafa Kemal was elected as president • Democratic state set in… • Economy was modernized • Reject religious influences in • politics • Women given rights

  10. Modern Iran • The dynasty was very weak (Qajar-1794-1925) • European often protected Persian rulers • 1908-oil was discovered • Foreign presence led to a Persian Nationalist movement • 1921-Reza Khan, general in the army, led a mutiny in Tehran, the capital city

  11. Ali Reza Khan Qajar

  12. Continued… • Persia became the modern state of Iran under Khan. • Very similar to Kemal (if you don’t remember him, he was the president of Turkey)

  13. Arab Nationalism • Arab not a separate nation but they had similar beliefs and languages • In part Europeans created the nations • Ibn Saud won support with his reforms • Brought money to the people

  14. Jews and MuslimsProblem in Palestine

  15. The Problem of Palestine • Jews were 20% of the population, Muslims were 80% • Fighting over whether Palestine should be a Jewish or a Muslim nation

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