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EXERCISE TRAINING TO IMPROVE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

EXERCISE TRAINING TO IMPROVE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE. What is the command chain of voluntary muscle contraction? Classification of muscle fibres How is the force regulated during voluntary contraction? What is muscle fatigue?. CORTICAL CONTROL  AHC IN SPINAL CORD  MOTONEURON 

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EXERCISE TRAINING TO IMPROVE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

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  1. EXERCISE TRAINING TO IMPROVE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

  2. What is the command chain of voluntary muscle contraction? • Classification of muscle fibres • How is the force regulated during voluntary contraction? • What is muscle fatigue?

  3. CORTICAL CONTROL  AHC IN SPINAL CORD  MOTONEURON  AXON  GROUPS OF MUSCLE FIBRE  NMJ  MUAP MUAP  E-C COUPLING  MUSCLE CONTRACTION  FORCE GENERATION Initiation of voluntary movement

  4. MUSCLE FATIGUE • Various definition • “Any reduction in the force-generating capacity of total neuro-muscular system, regardless of the force required in any given situation” Bigland-Ritchie (1984) • Site: Central and Peripheral

  5. CORTICAL CONTROL  AHC IN SPINAL CORD  MOTONEURON  AXON  GROUPS OF MUSCLE FIBRE  NMJ  MUAP MUAP  E-C COUPLING  MUSCLE CONTRACTION  FORCE GENERATION Initiation of voluntary movement

  6. STRENGTH TRAINING • GENERATION OF MUSCLE FORCE • Recruitment order • Firing Frequency

  7. MUSCLE MECHANICS • Muscle length • Force-length relationship • Rate of change in muscle length • Force-velocity relationship Therefore, muscle tension depends on muscle length and velocity

  8. PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE TRAINING • Overload • Progression • Specificity • Adaptation • Reversibility • Individualisation

  9. OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE • To increase the size or functional ability, muscle fibres must be taxed toward their present capacity to respond • it is not the absolute force that determines the quantity of the stimulus but rather the size of force relative to the maximum

  10. SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE • Training adaptations are specific to the cells and their structural and functional elements that are overloaded. • Strength vs Endurance

  11. STRENGTH TRAINING • ISOMETRIC • ISOTONIC • ISOKINETIC • ES

  12. ISOMETRIC TRAINING • Consider threshold point, intensity levels and systematisation of the program • 40-50% of IMVC, 5-8 rep. 4-6 s. (untrained individuals) • 80-100%, 5-10s and 2-5 rep. (elite athlete)

  13. DISADVANTAGES • angle specific (10 degree) •  heart rate and BP

  14. DYNAMIC • Concentric Vs Eccentric • Eccentric - more force generation Colliander & Tesch (1990) • Knee ext. training programme • mode 3/7 x 12/52 • Concentric =18% improvement • Concentric + eccentric = 36% improvement

  15. Training mode • Isokinetic • Accommodating resistance • Speed specific • Open chain

  16. NMES • Rationale • Neural insufficiency - the force exerted during a MVC can be increased with single electric shocks

  17. Kots protocol (Russian technique) • Freq: 50Hz • Repetition: 10 • on / off cycle: 10s: 50s • improvement 1.6% per session

  18. Lower force requirement • Laughman et al (1983) • isometric vs NMES • similar improvement (18 vs 22%) • training intensities: 78 vs 33%

  19. LOADING PRINCIPLE • PRE • DeLorme (DeLorme 1945) • 50% 10RM, 75% 10RM, 100% 10RM • Oxford Technique (Zinovieff 1951) • Reverse of Delorme • Light to heavy system • 10 RM x1, 8 RM x1, 6 RM x1 • Circuit training

  20. EVALUATION OF TRAINING

  21. ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE • Plasticity of muscle • Neuromuscular Adaptation • Remember: Torque is the interaction of the neural (motor unit recruitment and discharge rate, mechanical (moment arm) and Muscular (length and cross-sectional area)

  22. NEURAL ADAPTATIONS • Precedes muscular adaptations • reflects from changes in EMG

  23. MUSCULAR ADAPTATION

  24. Suggested reading • Malone, T.R., McPoil, T., and Nitz, A.J., (1997) Orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 3rd edition. Mosby. Chapter 9

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