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China Under Communism

China Under Communism. Geography 1002 Joseph Naumann. The Forbidden City remains a focal point of cultural pride. POPULATION DENSITY 2000 CE. URBAN CHINA. 360 MILLION CHINESE LIVE IN CITIES 31% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

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China Under Communism

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  1. China Under Communism • Geography 1002 • Joseph Naumann

  2. The Forbidden City remains a focal point of cultural pride

  3. POPULATION DENSITY 2000 CE

  4. URBAN CHINA • 360 MILLION CHINESE LIVE IN CITIES • 31% URBANIZED • LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE • URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS • AIR POLLUTION • CONGESTION • WATER POLLUTION

  5. Coastal Cities Are Booming

  6. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS • PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED ECONOMY. • SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE • TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED • POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY HAVE WEAKENED CHINA’S POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM. • ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

  7. Disparity in Economic Output • Coastal areas are booming • West • Drier • Less population • More ethnically diverse

  8. REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM • 1950s - 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM • BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL • LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED. • FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED. • INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES. • EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY” • DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

  9. Social Effects of “Communism” • Increased opportunities for women • Education for all – increased literacy • State tried to replace the extended family as the source of security for individuals – the price of security has always been conformity • Contact with other cultures was kept to a minimum until the era of Deng Xiaoping

  10. Mao Zedong’s Miscalculations • Great Leap Forward (Giant step backward) • 1958-62 – Second Five-year Plan • Backyard blast furnaces • Communes • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • 1966-69 • To purge unacceptable elements from leadership – eliminate Western influences • Red Guard got out of control • Economy was set back greatly

  11. ENERGY RESOURCES

  12. DENG XIAOPING ERA • TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A “PRAGMATIC MODERATE” • ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES • OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD

  13. 1989 Tiananmen Square • Students demonstrated for increased levels of democracy in China • Leadership didn’t use force at first, so the demonstration grew in size and gained international attention • Role of technology – fax machines, etc. • The Communist Party’s resolve to maintain absolute power prevailed and troops ended the demonstration • The concept of democracy may not be dead

  14. Spring, 1989 • Students mass in Tiananmen Square to call for greater democratization

  15. Goddess of Democracy: Symbol of Tiananmen Square

  16. Freedom callCrowd controlHunger strike

  17. Civilians Confront & Temporarily Stop the PLA

  18. Military Force Prevails

  19. BEIJING 10 year anniversary HONG KONG MEMORIAL

  20. DENG XIAOPING • INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES • DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING • SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURE • CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS • ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY”

  21. ECONOMIC INITIATIVES • SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES • 5 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE • INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC • OPEN CITIES • INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES • SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES • NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI • OPEN COASTAL AREAS • ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS • CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

  22. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES • INVESTOR INCENTIVES • LOW TAXES • EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS • SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES • HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED • PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS) • LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION

  23. CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES • DISPARITY: • COASTAL CHINA • INTERIOR CHINA

  24. Economic Development: The Golden Coastline • From the east to the west, it’s less developed

  25. OPEN CITIES • SIZE • OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY • LINKS TO “OVERSEAS CHINESE” • LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR • CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS

  26. HONG KONG • MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT • BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR • 6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES • ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES – Great benefit to China • 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA– many businesses remained there • HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG • ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINA’S ONLY SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)

  27. Industrial North: China’s Rust Belt • Formerly called Manchuria

  28. Shanghai and the Yangtze River

  29. Agriculture Remains Important: Rice in south & wheat in North

  30. China is becoming less, and less “Communist.”

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