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Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols

Explore the motivations for internetworking, the challenges of heterogeneity, and the concept of universal service in networking. Learn about the architecture of the internet and the role of routers in connecting heterogeneous networks. Understand the importance of layering in TCP/IP protocols.

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Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols

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  1. Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols

  2. Motivation ForInternetworking • LANs • Low cost • Limited distance • WANs • High cost • Unlimited distance

  3. Heterogeneity IsInevitable • No single networking technology best for all needs.

  4. Universal Service • Fundamental concept in networking • Pioneered by telephone system • Arbitrary pair of computers can communicate • Desirable • Difficult in a heterogeneous world

  5. Heterogeneity And Universal Service • Incompatibilities among networks • Electrical properties • Signaling and data encoding • Packet formats • Addresses

  6. The Bottom Line • Although universal service is highly desirable, incompatibilities among network hardware and physical addressing prevent an organization from building a bridged network that includes arbitrary technologies.

  7. An Internetwork • Begin with heterogeneous network technologies • Connect the physical networks • Create software to make resulting system appear homogeneous • Called an internetwork or internet

  8. Connecting Heterogeneous Networks • Computer system used • Special-purpose • Dedicated • Works with LAN or WAN technologies • Known as • Internet router • Internet gateway

  9. Illustration Of An Internet Router • Cloud denotes arbitrary network technology • One interface per network

  10. Important Idea • A router can interconnect networks that use different technologies, including different media and media access techniques, physical addressing schemes, or frame formats.

  11. Internet Architecture • Multiple • Networks • Routers interconnecting networks • Host computer connects to a network • Single router has insufficient • CPU power and memory • I/O capability

  12. Internetworking • Goal: communication system • Seamless • Uniform • General-purpose • Universal • Hides heterogeneity from user

  13. The Internet Concept

  14. To Hide Heterogeneity • Create ‘‘virtual’’ network • Invent • Addressing scheme • Naming scheme • Implement with • Protocol software • Note: protocol software needed on both hosts and routers

  15. Internet Protocols • Known as TCP/IP • Many protocols comprise suite • Designed to work together • Divided into five conceptual layers

  16. Layering Used With TCP/IP • Note: TCP/IP layering model replaces the old ISO model

  17. TCP/IP Layers • Layer 1: Physical • Basic network hardware • Layer 2: Network Interface • MAC frame format • MAC addressing • Interface between computer and network (NIC) • Layer 3: Internet • Facilities to send packets across internet composed of multiple routers

  18. TCP/IP Layers(continued) • Layer 4: Transport • Transport from an application on one computer to application on another • Layer 5: Application • Everything else

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