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Life in the Deep Sea

Learning Ocean Science through Ocean Exploration NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research Follow up Teacher Professional Development Workshop Slides provided for classroom use. Life in the Deep Sea. Physical Challenges of the Deep Sea. Many abiotic factors contribute to zonation in the ocean:

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Life in the Deep Sea

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  1. Learning Ocean Science through Ocean ExplorationNOAA Ocean Exploration and Research Follow up Teacher Professional Development WorkshopSlides provided for classroom use

  2. Life in the Deep Sea

  3. Physical Challenges of the Deep Sea • Many abiotic factors contribute to zonation in the • ocean: • Pressure • Light • Temperature • Salinity • Dissolved oxygen • Mineral nutrients

  4. Pressure • 33 ft. of water = 1 Atmosphere of Pressure • 1 Atmosphere of Pressure =14.7 Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) • Calculate Pressure at 4,000 feet. • Remember sea level is 1 atm.

  5. Pressure at 4,000 feet: 4000 ft /33 = 121.2 atm 1 atm at sea level 121.2 + 1 = 122.1 atm 122.2 atm x 14.7 lbs/in2 = 1796.4 psi

  6. 33 ft. = ~ 10 meters = 1 atmosphere Pressure at 1,219 meters: (1219 m ÷ 10 m/atm) + 1 atm = 122 atm 122 atm x 14.7 lbs./in2 = 1793.4 psi

  7. Compressed Cups Search: “Compressed cups” “Shrunken cups” “Wig heads” Using the search function on the OE Web site Home page.

  8. Color Spectrum ROYGBIV LOW ENERGY>>>> HIGH ENERGY 400 nm 700 nm

  9. Light penetration in open ocean Depth in meters 50 100 150 200

  10. Sunlit zone Twilight Zone Midnight Zone Light Zones PHOTIC/SUNLIGHT ZONE – 200 m Plants thrive; food relatively abundant DYSPHOTIC/TWILIGHT ZONE – 1000 m Dim light can’t support plants, reduced food; 20% of photic zone production; T= 23 >> 4 degrees C (thermocline) APHOTIC/MIDNIGHT ZONE – below 1000m Perpetual darkness; only 5% of photic zone food production; T= 4 degrees C

  11. Chemiluminescence: the production of visible light by a chemical reaction. Bioluminescence: a form of chemiluminescence. Fluorescence: the absorption of light at one wavelength and its re-emission at a different wavelength, or color; driven by absorption of light energy vs. chemical energy; produces light only when being irradiated. Phosphorescence:Similar to fluorescence but maintains the glow much longer after the irradiation is removed.

  12. Who has the Light? 2004 Deep Scope Expedition Key: Every light producing process requires a source of energy (chemical, electrical, mechanical, or light).

  13. Bioluminescent Organisms

  14. Characteristics of Twilight Zone Fishes (200m – 1000m) Photophores on ventral surfaces (countershading) Small in size (food scarce) Large mouths relative to body size Unhingeable jaws to swallow large prey Large teeth Many are black or red (invisible) Large eyes (capture available light) Vertical migrators (up to photic zone at night) - Black or silver - Well-developed swim bladders/muscles/bones Non-migrators (remain in twilight zone) - No swim bladder/weak bones/flabby muscles

  15. Shining Tubeshoulder This shiny, black fish has photophores on its belly and a strange tube on each shoulder. These tubes can release a glowing slime. The slime’s glow may distract predatory fishes while the tubeshoulder escapes into the darkness. Grows to 13 inches long.

  16. Gulper Eel

  17. ViperfishChauliodus  sp.

  18. Characteristics of Midnight Zone Fishes (1000m +) Single largest habitat on earth! No countershading bioluminescence Fewer photophores: on heads and sides Eyes often absent or reduced Fish sluggish or usually immobile Flabby muscles, weak skeletons Almost all lack swim bladder Huge mouths Small size Black in color

  19. Blackdevil anglerfish

  20. BristlemouthPhotostomiasguernei

  21. Ocean Explorer Web Site • http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

  22. Fishy Deep-sea Designs! Lesson Plan (on Web site) www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Mountains in the Sea 2004 Expedition

  23. Fishy Deep Sea Designs - Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts EP 5 Ocean supports great diversity of life. FC d. Ocean biology provides unique examples of adaptations. FC f. Ocean habitats defined by environmental factors…such as…light…pressure… ocean life is not evenly distributed.

  24. Hydrothermal Vents • First discovery in 1977 -Spreading ridge east of Galapagos Islands; divergent plates • Water: - Up to 400 degrees C (doesn’t boil, too much pressure) - Highly acidic - Large amounts of hydrogen sulfide (toxic to most animals); sulfides of iron, zinc, copper, and other metals precipitate and disburse as “black smoke” = black smokers • May be more than a mile deep - No light - No photosynthesis; chemosynthetically based food web

  25. Hydrothermal Plumes

  26. Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry

  27. Chem energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4 Chemosynthesis: The use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food (hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.) Photosynthesis: The use of solar energy to make organic matter. 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light energy

  28. 1 – Light Energy 2 – Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) 3 – Sugar (C6H12O6) 4 – Oxygen (O2) 1 – Chemical Energy 2 – Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Carbon dioxide, and oxygen 3 – Sugar (C6H12O6) 4 – Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/vents/light.html

  29. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chemosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4

  30. FOTOSSÍNTESE Hydrogen: H Oxygen: O Carbon: C Sulfur: S CO2: Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6: Sugar H2SO4: Sulfuric Acid O2: Oxygen H2O: Water H2S: Hydrogen Sulfide

  31. Candy Chemosynthesis – Ocean Literacy Essential Principles & Fundamental Concepts • EP 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of • life. • FC b. Most life in the ocean exists as microbes. • Microbes are the most important primary • producers in the ocean. • FC g. There are deep ocean ecosystems that • are independent of energy from sunlight • and photosynthetic organisms.

  32. Let’s Make a Tubeworm - LP 18 Pg. 141 Hydrothermal vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila

  33. Chemosynthetic clams Galapagos Rift

  34. Giant clams Galapagos Rift 2002 Dr. Tim Shank

  35. Inside a Tubewormfrom NOVA Web site Tubeworms are animals yet they have no mouth, no stomach, and no intestine. How do they live? www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/tubeworm.html

  36. Deep-sea Tubeworm Anatomy

  37. Soft, bright-red structure Brings in oxygen & carbon dioxide from seawater Brings in hydrogen sulfide from vent water Hemoglobin (red color in the plume) transports these 3 ingredients without a violent reaction between them Plume

  38. Vestimentum Mission Control: • Muscular - anchors upper portion of worm in tube • Provides safe passage for blood from plume to trophosome • Generates new tube material • Holds the reproductive pores from which the worm releases sperm or eggs during spawning; these combine in the water to make baby tubeworms • Harbors simplified versions of the two organs that most closely bind this primitive creature to its fellow animals: the heart and the brain

  39. Trophosome This organ of dark green-brown spongy tissue is where the real action takes place: • ~285 billion bacteria (microbes) per ounce of tissue live symbiotically in special cells. • Absorbs the 3 ingredients pumped down from the plume - oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide - and controls their reaction. • Microbes use the chemical energy released from the oxidation of sulfide into sulfate to fix carbon dioxide into the organic carbon that nourishes both the microbes and the worm.

  40. Trunk Imagine having no anus. Well, tubeworms don’t need one because they don’t eat solid food. • They take up the dissolved gases, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and carbon dioxide across their plume. • And must excrete the waste product, sulfuric acid across their plume. • Hydrothermal vent tubeworms can live several decades. • Sulfide in the worm's bloodstream gives the animal its powerful rotten-egg stench.

  41. Tube • Hard parchment-like cylinder, varies in thickness between and even within species of tubeworm • Basically like the shell of a lobster or crab, but softer. • Grows as the worm grows, providing a safe home for the animal • Delicate gill-like plume, which is the tubeworm's only exposed part; can be retracted into the tube at a moment's notice

  42. Opisthosome • Like the vestimentum, the opisthosome produces new tube material and helps anchor the worm in its tube and into the seabed • Often planted deep within the crevices of a black smoker or vent • Giant tubeworm tubes can grow well over a yard long • Temperatures at a worm's plume = ~ 35°F (1-2°C) while at its base = ~ 86°F (30°C)

  43. Let’s Make a Tubeworm! • Red felt = plume • Red pipe cleaner = muscle attached to plume; enables it to retract • Black paper = vestimentum • Plastic bag = trophosome • Shredded paper = bacteria • Paper towel tube = trunk • White paper = tube • Egg carton = opisthosome

  44. LP 22 Pg. 162

  45. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution www.divediscover.whoi.edu/

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