Understanding Child Development: Historical Perspectives and Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology

1. As always a little practice before we start

4. Developmental Psychology Chapter 5 and 6 Child Perspectives and Physical Development

5. Historical perspectives • Children as little adults • Children as burdens • Children as utility

6. Question • Do children know right from wrong? • At what age do they learn morality? • Can I teach a child to be a stone cold murderer?

7. Original Sin • ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Children were viewed as naturally amoral • Led to the physical abuse of children as a means of curbing rebellious behavior

8. John Locke (18th Century) • Children as morally neutral • _____________children are a blank slate. • Neither good nor bad • Discouraged use of physical punishment • Believed it fostered poor self control and only teacher fear and anger.

9. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Noble Savages- Rousseau believed that children were born with a sense of right and wrong. • He outlined 4 stages of development • Infancy, childhood, late childhood, and adolescence • Emphasized Maturation • The unfolding of genetically determined patterns of growth and development

10. Darwin and shared development

11. Normative Studies • G Stanley Hall • Collected data on children using questionnaires • Led to development of normative data on child development • Arnold Gesell • Stressed biological maturation • Lewis Terman • Intelligence testing • 1st Longitudinal study

12. Physical Growth • Height and Weight • Rapid growth in first year • More steady growth ages 1 to puberty • Gender differences are non existent in terms of size and growth during infancy and childhood • Infants double in weight by 5 months, triples in 1 year and quadruples by age 2 • ____________________________

14. Bodily proportions

15. _________________ • The process by which neurons become coated with an insulating fatty substance called myelin • Helps to transmit nerve impulses faster and more efficiently • Not fully developed at birth • Completed by late teens or early adulthood

16. Teeth Deciduous Permanent

18. Motor Development • Gross Motor Skills: Gross Motor Video • Broad muscle development: Examples include • Jumping • Skipping • Running • Balancing • Table 6.4 in the book examines progress of these skills over time. • _______________: Fine Motor Video • Small muscle development and hand eye coordination • Scribbling • Dressing • Cutting • Coloring • Tie shoelaces • Table 6.5 in the book examines progress of these skills over time.

19. Perceptual development • Binocular vision by about 4 months • ____________________ • Most children ages 6 to 14 months would not cross the cliff • These developments become obvious in artwork • Preferences for human faces

20. Nutrition • Breast Feeding vs Bottle Feeding • Which is better and why? • Nutritionally superior • Convenience and practicality • Psychological advantages • Disadvantages • Inconvenience • Transmission of disease and drugs • Changing trends • Shift back to breastfeeding

21. Declining Physical Fitness • Obesity Statistics • Video

23. What can be done? • How would you address this problem? • What are core aspects of your plan? • What resources do you need to implement your plan? • How will you address this with your patients? • How will you educate your children?

24. Sexual Development • Erections can occur immediately following birth or during the first months of life • Vaginal lubrication can also occur in the first 24 hours of life. • _______________________________________ • In early childhood exploration and pretend play are normal. • Playing, touching, looking are normal • Supervision is required • In middle childhood exploration sometimes increases. • 1/3 of females and 2/3 of males had masturbated by age 13

25. Sexual Abuse • Definition • Molestation • Advances • Suggestive language or images • Exploitation • Likely to occur in the home of child or perpetrator • Rarely a complete stranger • Often a family member or family friend • Often threatened to prevent disclosure

26. Statistics on sexual abuse • The statistics are shocking • _________girls is sexually abused before the age of 18. • 1 in 6 boys is sexually abused before the age of 18. • 1 in 5 children are solicited sexually while on the internet. • Nearly 70% of all reported sexual assaults (including assaults on adults) occur to children ages 17 and under. • Even within the walls of their own homes, children are at risk for sexual abuse • ___________of victims are abused by a family member. • Another 50% are abused by someone outside of the family whom they know and trust. • Approximately 40% are abused by older or larger children whom they know. • Therefore, only 10% are abused by strangers. • Sexual abuse can occur at all ages, probably younger than you think • The median age for reported abuse is 9 years old. • More than ______of children are sexually abused before the age of 8. • Nearly 50% of all victims of forcible sodomy, sexual assault with an object, and forcible fondling are children under 12.

28. Effects of Sexual Abuse • Low self esteem • Self blame and guilt • Anxiety • Fear and phobias • Depression • ________________ • Suicide • Difficulty with intimacy • Sexual promiscuity • Substance abuse