Chapter 4 Review

1. Chapter 4 Review

2. The hypothesis of Panspermia proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have brought ____________ to Earth.

3. Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular (few multicellular), photosynthetic or heterotrophic, such as amoebas and algae, are classified into a kingdom called _____________________.

4. According to geochemists which of the following would have been the most unlikely condition on the primitive Earth?A. atmospheric coolingB. crust formationC. gas cloud encircling the EarthD. high levels of oxygenE. water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen among the early gases

5. Oparin, in his theory of “primary abiogenesis” suggested cell predecessors asA. microspheresB. protocellsC. protobiontsD. coacervatesE. liposomes

6. The current bubble hypothesis for the evolution of life does not includeA. volcanic eruptions under the ocean releasing gases in bubbles B. bubbles of oxygen mixed with volcanic produced bubblesC. complex organic molecules mixed into the ocean from rainD. energy sources included UV, radiation, and lightening E. gases concentrated inside bubbles

7. All living organisms on Earth are characterized by cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and ___________________.

8. Thomas Cech coined the term ribozymes or ribosomes to describe RNA molecules that behaved like enzymes.

9. It is generally agreed that the early Earth’s reducing atmosphere containedA. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen gasB. hydrogen sulfide, water, ammoniaC. more than traces of free oxygenD. a, b, and c are trueE. only a and b are true

10. _________ It has recently been discovered that enzyme-like catalysis can be carried out not only by enzymes but also byA. sugarsB. DNAC. phospholipidsD. RNAE. steroids

11. Many scientists believe that life on Earth originatedA. on the surface of clay particlesB. at deep-sea ventsC. under the frozen oceanD. in the foam produced at the ocean’s edgeE. all of the above

12. In Oparin's bubble theory, the chemical-concentrating bubble-like structures were called ______________________.

13. Oparin suggested the theory ofA. biogenesisB. primary abiogenesisC. natural selectionD. coacervatesE. protobionts

14. Scientists believe that our atmosphere has progressively changed as some living organisms began to harness sunlight energy to split water molecules to form complex carbon molecules. This activity led to an increase inA. waterB. ammoniaC. oxygenD. ozoneE. carbon dioxide

15. The most primitive bacteria that exist today areA. amoebaB. eubacteriaC. archaebacteriaD. algaeE. nitrogen-fixing bacteria

16. Archaebacteria are most likely to be found today in A. hot sulfur springsB. in the Dead SeaC. in a small pond in the Tropical Rain ForestD. a and b onlyE. all of the above

17. Organelles such as the nucleus are not present in __________________ organisms.

18. When phospholipid molecules are placed into water, microspheres form spontaneously. These microspheres are calledA. protonsB. anaerobesC. archaebacteriaD. eukaryotesE. coacervates

19. The first step in the origin of life is thought to be the formation of organic compounds from atmospheric components, using all of the following forms of energy exceptA. catabolismB. lightningC. radioactive decayD. solar radiationE. volcanic eruption

20. Bacteria that lack the peptidoglycan in their cell wall areA. coacervatesB. eukaryotesC. living fossilsD. archaebacteriaE. fungi

21. Even though archaebacteria are considered the most primitive forms of life so far discovered on Earth, they stillA. utilize sunlight as a primary energy sourceB. utilize ATP as their energy-carrying moleculeC. reproduce normally in oxygen-rich environmentsD. create their nuclear membranes from peptidoglycansE. have difficulty maintaining the cell wall surrounding their cells

22. Prokaryotes were the only organisms for about ____________________ billion years after life began on Earth.

23. Early cyanobacteria evolved a form of photosynthesis that permanently changed the Earth’s atmosphere by releasing which of the following gases?A. carbon dioxideB. nitrogenC. oxygenD. ozoneE. carbon monoxide

24. An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain the origin ofthe first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps (starting with a and proceeding to e) exceptA. assemble an atmosphere with H2, CH4, NH3, and H2SB. place this atmosphere over liquid waterC. inoculate with a few bacteria to get the process startedD. increase the temperature of the gasesE. provide energy with electricalspark discharges

25. Probably the energy source for the first photosynthetic cells wasA. chemical bond energyB. lightningC. radioactive decayD. geothermal energyE. sunlight

26. The early atmospheric condition of primitive Earth was thought to contain ample hydrogen atoms which was conducive to bond formation and is referred to as a ______________________ atmosphere.

27. The only “origin of life on Earth” theory or possibility that permits testable scientific hypotheses isA. alien originB. special creationC. spontaneous originD. double helixE. atomic

28. Among the products of the Miller-Urey experiments and subsequent experiments by others, it was shown that which of the following subunits could be produced in simulated primitive Earth conditions?A. ammonia and waterB. amino acidsC. CO2 and H2OD. formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfideE. methane and oxygen

29. Oxygen concentration of 1% of 1 billion years ago increased to the present level of 21% because of photosynthetic activity ofA. fungiB. cyanobacteriaC. plantsD. protistsE. animals

30. ___________________ are bacteria that are able to grow “without air” or that are poisoned by oxygen.

31. Spontaneous origin proponents hypothesize that life evolved from inanimate matter. According to this view, the force leading to life wasA. selectionB. resistance to radiationC. ability to live on landD. ability to reproduceE. all of the above

32. The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to beA. 6000 years oldB. 8 billion years oldC. 4.5 billion years oldD. 1.5 billion years oldE. 1995 years old

33. Diversity among the vast numbers of organisms that have arisen on the Earth can be attributed to all the following exceptA. sexual reproductionB. multicellularityC. a membrane-bound nucleusD. for the development of the endoplasmic reticulumE. for the ability to utilize the same gene sequences to produce their proteins

34. Endosymbiotic bacteria relationships evolved into more complex cell types called ____________________, which possessed nuclear membranes and membrane-bound organelles.

35. The age of the Earth according to modern estimations isA. 8 billion yearsB. 4.5 billion yearsC. 3.5 billion yearsD. 1.5 billion yearsE. a few thousand years

36. The characteristics of life include all of the following exceptA. complexityB. deathC. multicellularityD. sensitivity to environmentE. inheritance

37. The kingdom not containing eukaryotes isA. protistaB. archaebacteriaC. fungiD. animaliaE. planta

38. Which of the following was demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment?A. Life began in the oceans.B. Life can be started experimentally in the laboratory.C. Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals.D. Life began on the pre-biotic Earth 3.5 billion years ago.

39. Most recent molecular studies have led to the addition of a sixth kingdom, Archaea, containing certain groups of __________________ with unusual cell walls, membranes and eukaryote-like genetic mechanisms.

40. The oldest microfossils are ofA. bacteriaB. eukaryotesC. insectsD. pollen grainsE. small animals

41. All living organisms possessA. photosynthesisB. cellular organizationC. growth and metabolismD. reproduction and heredityE. only b, c, and d

42. Multicellularity and endosymbiotic relationship is not observed inA. animaliaB. plantaC. bacteriaD. fungiE. protista

43. Through reconstruction of the conditions of the primitive Earth in simulation experiments, scientists have concluded that certain key M___________________ of life could have been created as a by-product of its conditions at birth.

44. Life apparently originated on Earth aboutA. 1 million years agoB. 6000 years agoC. 4.5 billion years agoD. 8 billion years agoE. 3.5 billion years ago

45. Coacervates have all of the following exceptA. they enclose a small amount of waterB. they divideC. they growD. they have a two-layer outer boundaryE. they show heredity

46. Recent molecular studies have added a new sixth kingdom for prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. It is calledA. yeast kingdomB. paramecium kingdomC. amoeba kingdomD. archaebacteria kingdomE. eubacteria kingdom

47. Archaebacteria share all of the following characteristics exceptA. unicellular structureB. considered prokaryotesC. include human pathogens