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Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds

Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds. UNIT 1: Organic Chemistry. UNIT 1. Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds. Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds.

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Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds

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  1. Chapter 1: Structure and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds UNIT 1: Organic Chemistry

  2. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Chemical reactions of organic compounds have provided an abundance of products we rely on. However, the properties that make them so useful can also cause environmental problems. The Plastika sailboat was built from plastic bottles to raise awareness of plastic pollution in ocean ecosystems. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  3. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 2.1 Types of Organic Reactions Organic reactions can convert simple organic molecules into large, complex ones. TAXOL is an anti-cancer drug that chemists can synthesize. Important types of organic reactions: • oxidation • reduction • combustion • addition • elimination • substitution • condensation • esterification • hydrolysis TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  4. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Addition Reactions • Reactions between an alkene or alkyne and a small molecule (HOH, H2, HX, X2) • Atoms of a small molecule are added to carbons of a double or triple bond • Reactions of alkynes can produce alkenes or alkanes • Constitutional isomers may form Carbon atoms of the multiple bond have more atoms bonded to them in the product. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  5. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check Show how constitutional isomers can form from the following reaction. Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  6. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check • The chlorine atoms can be added to either carbon 2 or 3 in this addition reaction. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  7. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Addition Reactions (cont’d) One constitutional isomer will predominate. To predict the major product: Markovnikov’s rule: The hydrogen atom of the small molecule will attach to the carbon atom of the double bond that is bonded to the most hydrogens. The 2-chloropropane isomer will be the major product. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  8. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Elimination Reactions • Two atoms bonded to carbon atoms of an organic molecule are removed and a double bond forms • The double bond forms between the carbon atoms that have had the atoms removed • Elimination reaction can be thought of as the reverse of an addition reaction Carbons of the organic product are bonded to fewer atoms than carbons of the reactant. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  9. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check Draw the product of the following elimination reaction. Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  10. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check • The product formed is: TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  11. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Elimination Reactions (cont’d) • What if an asymmetric molecule undergoes elimination? General rule: The hydrogen atom is more likely to be removed from the carbon atom with the most C-C bonds. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  12. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Substitution Reactions • Reaction in which a hydrogen or functional group has been replaced by another functional group • Two compounds react to form two different compounds • The same number of atoms are bonded to the carbon atoms of the reactants and products Two compounds are converted to two new compounds. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  13. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check Draw the products of the following substitution reaction. Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  14. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check • The products formed are: TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  15. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Condensation Reactions • Two molecules combine to produce a larger organic molecule and another much smaller molecule • Water is often the smaller molecule formed • Large biomolecules (DNA, fats, carbohydrates, protein) are formed through this type of reaction A condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine produces an amide. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  16. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Esterification Reactions • These are a type of condensation reaction • A carboxylic acid and an alcohol react to produce an ester and water In what way(s) is an esterification reaction like a condensation reaction? An esterification reaction is between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  17. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Hydrolysis Reactions • A molecule is broken apart through the addition of a water molecule (HOH) • The –OH is added to one side of a bond, and the H is added to the other side of the bond • They are the reverse of condensation reactions In hydrolysis reactions, molecules are broken apart using water as a reactant. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  18. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check What are the products of the following reaction? Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  19. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check • This is an esterification reaction. The products are: TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  20. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Oxidation Reactions • In organic chemistry, the term refers to carbon atoms of the organic reactant • forming more bonds to oxygen atoms, or • forming fewer bonds to hydrogen atoms • Common oxidizing agents, [O], are KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 Compare the number of C-H and C-O bonds in the reactant and product. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  21. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Reduction Reactions • In organic chemistry, the term refers to carbon atoms of the organic reactant • forming fewer bonds to oxygen atoms, or • forming more bonds to hydrogen atoms • Common reducing agents, [H], are LiAlH4 and H2/Pt Compare the number of C-H and C-O bonds in the reactant and product. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  22. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Combustion Reactions • A compound reacts with oxygen to produce oxides of the component elements • The products of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon are carbon dioxide and water • If O2 is insufficient, incomplete combustion occurs TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  23. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check What is the product of the following reaction? + [H] Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  24. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Learning Check • The reaction is a reduction of propanone (acetone) to produce propan-2-ol (isopropanol) TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  25. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.1 Section 2.1 Review TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  26. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 2.2 Polymer Equations • Polymers are very large molecules of repeating monomers. • Some are made of one type of monomer • Some are made up two or more types of monomers • Most are named based on the monomer(s) This polymer is made of two different monomers. • Natural polymers: cotton, wool, protein, DNA • Synthetic polymers: plastics, polyester, nylon, rayon TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  27. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Addition Polymerization • Synthetic polymers can be made using the addition reaction • Alkene monomers are joined together through multiple addition reactions TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  28. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Condensation Polymerization • Synthetic polymers can be made using the condensation reaction • Monomers are joined together through multiple reactions between two different functional groups on different monomers polyamide polyester TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  29. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Learning Check Identify the monomer(s) of the polymer shown below. Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  30. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Learning Check The monomer is ethene, H2C=CH2 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  31. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Polymers and Industry • Many industrial productions of polymers start with petroleum (mix of hydrocarbons) • Hydrocarbons of the petroleum are converted to petrochemicals for synthetic reactions (e.g., ethene and propene) The Manufacture of PVC ethene 1,2-dichloroethane vinyl chloride TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  32. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Polymer Production: Risks and Solutions The manufacture of synthetic polymers has given us many useful and life-saving products, but synthetic polymers come with serious risks, such as • Workers’ exposure to dangerous chemicals • Leaching or release of dangerous chemicals • Very slow degradation in the environment What are some possible solutions? Fleece fabric can be produced from the plastic of soft drink bottles. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  33. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Natural Polymers • There are numerous examples of natural polymers, including ones that are essential for life • Example of biologically important polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA • polysaccharides • contain sugar monomers • include starch, cellulose Cellulose provides structure to plants. It is composed of glucose monomers. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  34. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Natural Polymers (cont’d) • Proteins • build muscle • act as catalysts in cells (enzymes) Proteins are amide-linked polymers of amino acids. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  35. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Natural Polymers (cont’d) • DNA • genetic material DNA is composed of nucleotide monomers. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  36. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Learning Check Explain why your genetic material (DNA) and soft drink bottle material (PET) are classified as the same type of molecule. Answer on the next slide TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  37. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Learning Check Both are polymers. Both are made of repeating units of monomers. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

  38. UNIT 1 Chapter 2: Reactions of Organic Compounds Section 2.2 Section 2.2 Review TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

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