EOC Test Preparation: Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

1. EOC Test Preparation:Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

2. States’ Rights • Favoring stronger government • Unify national economy • Provide infrastructure • Pass legislation that states would need to follow • Southern Politics • Did not like the idea of stronger federal government • Any power not delegated to fed. gov. by Constitution went to state gov. • Slavery really had to do with property laws…which was a state right.

4. South Carolina • John C. Calhoun argued for states’ rights • You don’t need to follow a law that is unconstitutional • Nullification Crisis in 1832 • High tariffs on British goods • SC threatened to secede if tariffs were not repealed • President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops • Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Tensions still existed

6. Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? • Missouri Compromise • 1820 • All states admitted below 36 degrees north would be slave, all states above would be free • Missouri would be slave • Maine would be free

7. Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? • Compromise of 1850 • Congress admitted California and unorganized western territories as free • Utah and New Mexico could decided by popular sovereignty (vote) if they would be free or slave. • Fugitive Slave Law-northern states must return escaped slaves to southern owners

8. Conflict Over Slavery • Wilmot Provisio • War with Mexico reignited slave debate • Summer of 1846, PA congressman David Wilmot created the Wilmot Provisio (condition) • Banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico • Voted down, reopened sectional divisions

9. Conflict Over Slavery • Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854 • Allowed previously free and unorganized territories to choose whether or not to permit slavery • Basically: repealed Missouri Compromise • “bleeding Kansas” because violence erupted • Sumner-Brooks incident • Sumner from MA, Brooks from SC

10. Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott v. Sanford • 1857 • Scott was a slave in Missouri, taken by owner into a free territory where he lived for 4 years • Later, they returned to Missouri, owner died • Scott sued for freedom

11. Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue b/c he was a slave, not citizen • Also ruled that slave owner could not be deprived of his “property” w/o due process of law • Struck down Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of 5th Amendment • Slave could not just leave his owner without due process, even if they were in a free state

12. John Brown’s Raid • Oct. 1859 • Abolitionists led by John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. • Wanted to seize weapons and give them to slaves • Rebellion • Plan failed • US troops under Robert E. Lee surrounded them and forced their surrender • Brown was executed • Raid intensified southern resentment of abolitionist movement

13. Free Blacks and Slaves (Mid 1800s) • Life for slaves was not good • Free African Americans existed because they had purchased their own freedom or masters had freed them • Worked as artisans, farmers, laborers, some owned businesses, some even owned slaves

14. Abolitionist Movement • William Lloyd Garrison • Grimke sisters • Frederick Douglass • Slave who escaped to freedom • Harriet Tubman • Escaped slave • Underground RR • Harriet Beecher Stowe

15. Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 • Democratic party split along sectional lines over free/slave • Northern Dems. Suppored popular soverignty • Stephen Douglas • Southern Dems. Wanted federal protection of slavery in all US territories • VP John Breckinridge • Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln

16. Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 • South felt threatened by Lincoln b/c he was against its expansion • Lincoln won, SC seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860. • By February, 6 other states had seceded. • Southern delegates from the seceded states met in Montgomery, AL • Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis

17. Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter • Union soldiers had only a month’s worth of supplies • Lincoln told governor of SC that he would be sending ships with food • Confederate soldiers opened fire on the fort, forcing Union troops to surrender (April, 1861)

18. Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter (cont.) • Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers • Border states had to decide which side they would support • KY, MI, MD stayed with the Union • VA, NC, AK, TN went with Confederacy • Capital was moved to Richmond, VA

19. Key People in the Civil War • Union • Lincoln • Ulysses S. Grant • William T. Sherman • Confederacy • Jefferson Davis • Robert E. Lee

20. Advantages in the War • North • More railway lines • Supplies can be transported • More factories • Produce weapons and supplies • Standing military force • 2/3 of nation’s population lived in the North • Labor force and soldiers

21. Advantages in the War • South • Originally, better military commanders • War of Attrition • Defensive war designed to damage and wear down enemy’s will to fight • Motivation • Believed they were defending their homeland, way of life, right to govern themselves

22. Important Battles of the Civil War • First Battle of Bull Run/First Manassas • First confrontation between two armies • Big defeat for Union • Confederates were not organized enough to invade Washington DC • Anaconda Plan • Surround Confederacy and cut of supply lines • Coastal blockades

23. Important Battles of the Civil War • Naval Battles • Ironclad-warships used by Confederacy with iron to protect it from enemy fire • Union still used wooden ships • Confederate ship the Merrimack/Virginia vs. Union Monitor fought for several hours • Both ships were later destroyed • Submarines were used • Union was the first to use

24. Eastern Theater • Second Battle of Bull Run (Aug. 1862)/Second Manassas • Robert E. Lee commanded Army of Northern VA • Success for Confederacy • Union couldn’t invade Richmond • Lee made an attempt to invade the North

25. Eastern Theater • Antietam (Sept. 1862) • Lee was ready to invade • General McClellan (Union’s commanding general) was unaware of Lee’s position until they found his orders at a Confederate camp • Antietam Creek, MD • Bloodiest single day of the war • Halted Confederate advance • McClellan didn’t pursue, Confederates got away

26. Eastern Theater • Chancellorsville (May, 1863) • “Lee’s perfect battle” • General Stonewall Jackson and Lee defeated over 70,000 Union troops • What happened to Jackson?

27. Eastern Theater • Gettysburg (July, 1863) • Key turning point • Lee’s forces were not as aggressive as usual • Couldn’t win high ground early in the battle • Union forces under General George Meade defeated Confederates and ended any hope for them to invade the North • 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, missing • Bloodiest battle in entire war

28. Western Theater • Vicksburg (May-July 1863) • Mississippi • Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the river • General Grant (Union) laid siege (similar to Anaconda Plan) • People were starving, eating animals like dogs and rats

29. Western Theater • Sherman’s March (May-Dec. 1864) • William T. Sherman commanding Union forces • Captured Atlanta • Secured reelection of Lincoln • March to the Sea • Lots of destructions of Southern areas

30. Political Issues of the War • Issues with border states • Writ of habeas corpus-guarantee that a person can’t be imprisoned w/o being brought before a judge • Lincoln suspended this and declared martial law • Draft • Who was drafted? • Copperheads: Union Dems. Who criticized Lincoln

31. Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union • But: allowed slavery in border states loyal to the Union • Hope was that Confederate states would return to union rather than risk losing slaves • Get support from France and England

32. Emancipation Proclamation • Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army • Segregation existed in most military areas • Navy was the exception • Racism and discrimination still existed • 54th Massachusetts • Movie: Glory • Led an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, July 1863

33. Union Victory • March 1864 • Grant in command of Union army • Union troops outnumbered Confederates • Grant’s armies lost 65,000 men in less than 2 months but Confederates were on the retreat • April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse • 2 weeks later: General Joseph Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in Durham, NC

34. Reconstruction • Gov. attempted to rebuild (and punish) the South • Lincoln wanted healing, not all felt that way • Lincoln killed on April 14, 1865

35. Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson • New president • Sympathetic to the South • Presidential Reconstruction plan • Radical Republicans-viewed Johnson’s plan as too lenient

36. Reconstruction • Radical Reconstruction: • African Americans will get full citizenship rights, • Congress should oversee Reconstruction, • Majority of the voting population of a state needs to pledge allegiance before being readmitted to the Union

37. Reconstruction • Republicans ended up dominating southern govs. During Reconstruction • Drafted new state constitutions which reflected their ideals • 14th Amendment • Recap: 13th ended slavery in the US • 14th: guaranteed that no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process • Blacks got full citizenship • Bill of Rights applied to both state and federal gov.

38. Reconstruction • Johnson’s Impeachment • 1868: tensions between president and Congress • Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens voted to impeach Johnson • Saved by 1 vote

39. Reconstruction • 15th Amendment • Grant becomes president • No citizen can be denied right to vote due to race, color, or previous condition (slavery) • Meant slaves had the ability to vote in Southern elections

40. African Americans During Reconstruction • Farming • No land • Sharecropping-farmed a portion of a landowner’s land in return for housing and a share of the crops • Turned into its own form of slavery • Tenant farming • Paid rent to farm the land • Owned the crops they grew • Were not at the mercy of white landowners

41. African Americans During Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau • First relief agency • Clothing • Medical attention • Meals • Education • Land granted to freed blacks and some poorer whites • Disbanded in 1869

42. African Americans During Reconstruction • Education and Church • Became the center of life and culture b/c it was truly led by African Americans • Ministers were often political figures as well • First black schools established • Children and adults

43. African Americans During Reconstruction • African Americans took on political roles through Republican policies • In Congress • State Legislatures • Lt. Governor • Issues between blacks • Northern blacks and southern “elites” saw themselves superior to poorer, uneducated blacks.

44. Racism During Reconstruction • Black Codes • Ku Klux Klan

45. Compromise of 1877 and End of Reconstruction • Compromise of 1877 • 1876 election issues between dem. & rep. candidates and votes • Dems agreed to rep Hayes becoming president • Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction • Southern states got federal money, more power to govern themselves, withdrawal of federal troops. • Solid South • Southerners supported Democratic candidates for almost 100 years

46. Post-Reconstruction • Jim Crow Laws • Literacy Tests • Poll Taxes • Grandfather Clauses • Segregation • De jure • Plessy v. Ferguson • De facto

47. Important African Americans • Booker T. Washington • WEB DuBois • Ida Wells Barnett