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COLD WAR

COLD WAR. Worst genocide Others Armenian Genocide (by Ottomans) 1915 Cambodia By Pol Pot (Communist) Extermination of middle class Stalin’s Soviet Union (Purges)? Rwanda Hutus killed Tutsis. Recovery after WWII. Germany split into occupation zones Marshall Plan.

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COLD WAR

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  1. COLD WAR

  2. Worst genocide • Others • Armenian Genocide (by Ottomans) 1915 • Cambodia • By Pol Pot (Communist) • Extermination of middle class • Stalin’s Soviet Union (Purges)? • Rwanda • Hutus killed Tutsis

  3. Recovery after WWII • Germany split into occupation zones • Marshall Plan

  4. Development of Cold War • “Iron Curtain dropped over Europe” --Winston Churchill 1946 • Two superpowers • Two hostile camps (polarizing) • No common enemy

  5. Berlin Blockade • Germany and Berlin split • Capitalism in Stalin’s territory • Stalin called blockade of West Berlin • Berlin Blockade 1948 • Blocked rail and roads • West flew in supplies (Berlin airlift) • Everyday for a year • Stalin called off blockade

  6. Asia • China communist in 1949 (Mao Zedong) • Policy of containment • Korea was Japan’s in war (allies split) • Soviets in north • U.S. in south • Dividing line 38th parallel • With backing of China, north tried to unify country under communism • Korean War • 1950 – 1953 (same dividing line after war)

  7. Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-Shek

  8. Pacts • NATO • (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • 1949 • First time the U.S. has promised safety of other countries outside their own hemisphere • Pact to combat communism • Warsaw Pact (1955) • In response to West Germany joining NATO

  9. NATO and Warsaw Pact Boundaries

  10. 1953 Stalin died • Stalinism bigger than the man • Slowly died off • Placed in tomb next to Lenin • 1956 Khrushchev came to power • Secret speech • About crimes of Stalin • Got Khrushchev into power and started de-Stalinization

  11. China really liked Stalin • Never de-Stalinized • Mao hated Khrushchev • Khrushchev (1959) no longer supported Atomic power in China • Khrushchev did like Kennedy • Hated Nixon (kitchen debate)

  12. Khrushchev Years • 1950s and 1960s • Thaws and Freezes • Thaws • Peaceful coexistence • Some free speech • Stalin out of Cult of personalities and buried in concrete tomb

  13. Freezes • Vienna Summit 1961 • Kennedy sought to end areas of conflict in third world • Khr. Offended • Spreading Communism was a fundamental goal of USSR • Comintern • Cuba 1959 • Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara • Berlin Wall • West Berlin thriving (East not so much) • Wall constructed 1961 • Keep the working age people in • Guards with shoot-to-kill orders

  14. 1961 The Berlin Wall

  15. Cuba • Went communist in 1959 • Overthrew a U.S. backed dictator • Bay of Pigs disaster • Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba (near Florida coast) • Americans had missiles in Turkey • Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 • Had to show Chinese he was tough • Relations with U.S. were improving – seen as weakness by Chinese

  16. Cuban Missile Crisis backfired • Quarantine • Reaction, but no communication • Khrushchev blinked first • Nuclear subs

  17. Cuban Missile Crisis • So close to abyss • Scared them • Détente • Nuclear arm test ban • Direct phone line from Kremlin to Washington • Both sides still hated each other

  18. Eastern Europe heard about secret speech • Hungary and Czechoslovakia wanted out of Moscow’s thumb • Put down revolution harshly • Prague Spring 1968 • A lot of people turned against USSR as a result of Eastern Europe Youth revolt

  19. Prague Spring 1968

  20. Differing Perspectives! • USSR behavior based on culture • 1.) Russia has always been an empire • Forced to develop into a modern nation state • 2.) Russia felt they had a sacred place in the world • Tsarism • Religion (only untainted Greek Orthodox and true Christianity) • Moscow was third Rome • Felt they saved the world three times • Mongols, Napoleon, Hitler

  21. Differing Perspectives! • USSR on the defensive • Stalin • Thought U.S. would be isolationist • Got defensive when they did not • Also did not like the death of FDR and Churchill’s not getting reelected • Felt atomic bomb on Japan was blackmail • Soviets forced into arms race • Atomic bomb 1949 (despite 20 million+ WWII deaths) • Second revolution from above • Hydrogen bomb 1952

  22. Differing Perspectives! • USSR on the defensive • Stalin • In Eastern Europe needed friendlies • Tried to get all of Germany (failed and prompted NATO) • Saw Marshall Plan as a major threat • U.S. forced capitalism on Europe (esp. Western Germany) • Khrushchev • U.S. containing communism • USSR contained capitalism • Supported decolonization and anti colonialism • Also had to deal with China

  23. Marshall Plan

  24. Brezhnev Years • Leonid Brezhnev takes over for Khrushchev • (r. 1964 – 1982) • Stability, no mass terror • Era of stagnation • Life was predictable/stable • Life was fine (you might actually get a car!) • State subsidized everything • Employment guaranteed • Underneath is a completely stagnant economy

  25. Vietnam • Japanese imperialism in WWII made it tough for Europeans to come back • Japan recognized native governments • Left weapons behind • French come back • Ho Chi Minh left in power • Fought French (who pull out in 1954 to concentrate on Algeria) • Left behind split Vietnam • Communist north • Western oriented south

  26. Vietnam • Elections in Vietnam • US made sure Ho Chi Minh was not elected • Supported south • 1965: 184,000 troops • 1968: 500,000 troops • 1968: turning point • Tet offensive • Growing anti war sentiment in US • Nixon elected • Escalated • Spread into Cambodia and Laos

  27. Vietnam • 1973 Ceasefire • 1975 Vietnam is unified • Cambodia’s leader deposed • Pol Pot took over (communist) • Khmer Rouge • Genocidal and anti-education • US supported since he was anti-Vietnam

  28. Brezhnev Years • 1979 – USSR invaded Afghanistan • Communist party took over in Afghanistan • Making it an internal affair, not an aggressive act • Too harsh  fierce backlash • Brezhnev Doctrine • If a communist regime is in trouble, the USSR will intevene

  29. Russian Invasion! • USSR sent troops to aid Afghan communist party • Could not win or get out (like Vietnam)  ended in 1988 • West interpreted as deliberate aggression of Soviets • Boycotted Olympics in Moscow 1980

  30. Mikhail Gorbachev • Became General Secretary 1985 • 1985-1987 tentative reforms • 1987 High reform • 1989-1991 Decline and fall • Perestroika (restructuring) • Glasnost (openness) • Wanted limited reform

  31. Gorbachev • Good diplomat • Impressed Thatcher and Reagan • Chernobyl • April 1986 • Did not talk about it until later • Showed limits of glasnost

  32. Gorbachev • Perestroika • Democratization • Room for opponents in one party system • 1989 actually free elections for legislature • candidates who stood unopposed lost elections • People saw elections were fair and showed up

  33. Boris Yeltsin • Boris Yeltsin ran a campaign against corruption • Televised debates • Party lost control of media • Yeltsin elected president of Russia (not Soviet Union) • Other states pushing for autonomy • Berlin Wall came down 1989 and Germany reunited soon after • Hardline communists arrest Gorbachev 1991 • Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine claim that the USSR is dissolved • Gorbachev resigned Christmas 1991

  34. Fall of Soviet Bloc in Eastern Europe • Two years earlier • When East Europe calls for autonomy, they are no longer crushed • Hungary opens up borders • Influx of western goods • 1989 Berliners tear down wall • Mostly peaceful • Romania • Yugoslavia • Tito

  35. Post Communism • Massive inflation • Massive organized crime

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