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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Mild Intellectual Disabilities. IDEA’s Definition of Intellectual Disability.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Mild Intellectual Disabilities

  2. IDEA’s Definition of Intellectual Disability • IDEA 2004 stipulates that intellectually disabled students have “significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance .” • Four criteria are used to identify students with ID based on this definition

  3. The 4 Criteria (cont.) • Measured IQ that is significantly below average (approx. 70 or below) (see chart) • Deficit in adaptive behavior (everyday skills for functioning) • Intellectual disability manifested during the development period • Intellectual disability must adversely affect the student’s educational performance

  4. AAIDD Definition of Intellectual Disabilities • “Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18.” • Extends IDEA in 3 ways…

  5. Characteristics of Students with MID • Academic Performance • Significantly lag behind grade-level peers in developing academic skills • Cognitive Performance – 3 deficits • Attention – orienting to a task, selective attention, and sustaining attention • Memory – difficulty remembering information (math facts or spelling words) • Generalization – generalization of information to other material or settings

  6. Characteristics of Students with MID (cont.) • Social Skills Performance • Low level of cognitive development and delayed language development affects understanding content and expectations • Weak confidence, easily frustrated, and may lack the ability to understand the difference between figurative and literal language • Student may exhibit behavior problems, be immature, display some obsessive/compulsive behaviors and often have difficulty following rules and routines. • See Handouts

  7. Prevalence and Causal Factors • Prevalence • During 2004-2005 school year – more than 555,000 students classified as having intellectual disabilities (0.84% of school population) • 70-85% of this is mild to moderate ID • Overrepresentation – African American students are more than twice as likely to be identified with an intellectual disability. • African Americans have been overrepresented for nearly 40 years

  8. Percentage of All School-Age Students Labeled Intellectually Disabled by Race/Ethnicity, 2004

  9. Prevalence and Causal Factors (cont.) Causal Factors • Exact cause of MID unknown • What is known : many of the students with MID come from families who are living in poverty • Cultural Factors • During pregnancy – alcohol, drugs, malnutrition , exposure to toxins • At birth – prematurity, low birth weight, birth injuries, temp. oxygen deprivation • After Birth – infections (meningitis), injuries (blow to the head), environmental toxins (lead or mercury)

  10. Educational Practices • Inclusion • Today students with MID are still taught in segregated settings for most of the day • But conditions have improved

  11. Educational Practices (cont.) • Early Intervention • Classroom Interventions • Explicit Instruction • Mastery Learning • Direct Instruction • Peer Tutoring • Assistive Technology

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