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URINARY SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM. HST I SPRING 2010. Anatomy and Physiology. Urinary elimination depends on the function of the:. Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra. Kidneys. Paired Reddish-brown color Bean-shaped Lie on either side of the vertebral column

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URINARY SYSTEM

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  1. URINARY SYSTEM HST I SPRING 2010

  2. Anatomy and Physiology

  3. Urinary elimination depends on the function of the: • Kidneys • Ureters • Bladder • Urethra

  4. Kidneys • Paired • Reddish-brown color • Bean-shaped • Lie on either side of the vertebral column • Extend to the 12th thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae • Left kidney is normally higher than the right due to the anatomical position of the liver

  5. Kidneys • Waste products of metabolism that collect in the blood are filtered in the kidneys • Blood reaches the kidneys by a renal artery that branches from the abdominal aorta • Approximately 20-25% of the cardiac output circulates daily through the kidneys • Each kidney contains 1 million nephrons

  6. Kidneys • Responsible for maintaining normal Red Blood Cell (RBC) volume • Produce erythropoietin, a hormone released primarily from specialized glomerular cells that sense decreased RBC oxygenation • After being released from the kidney erythropoietin functions within the bone marrow to stimulate erythropoiesis (production of mature RBCs)

  7. Renin • Another hormone produced by the kidneys • Major role is the regulation of blood flow in times of renal ischemia (decreased blood supply)

  8. Anatomy of Kidney • Cortex –hard outer layer • Medulla – fleshy portion • Pyramids – triangular shaped open areas • Nephrons – microscopic units that make urine. • Renal sinus or pelvis – collection basin for urine at base of kidney

  9. Nephron • The functional unit of the kidney, forms urine • Composed of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

  10. Glomerulus • Initial site of filtration of the blood and the beginning of urine formation • The capillaries here are porous and allow filtration of water and substances such as glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, and major electrolytes into the Bowman’s capsule • Large proteins and blood cells are not normally filter through

  11. Glomerulus • The presence of large proteins in the urine (proteinuria) is a sign of glomerular injury • Filters approximately 125ml of filtrate per minute

  12. Bowman’s Capsule • A C-Shaped structure • Surrounds the glomerulus • Is the start of the convoluted tubule • Passes the filtered materials into the convoluted tubule

  13. Tubules • Filtered substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the blood through capillaries • Most of the sugar, water, and salts are reabsorbed • Urea, uric acid, and creatinine remain in the tubules

  14. Ureters • Tubular structures measuring 25-30cm in length and 1.25cm in diameter • Extend from renal pelvis to bladder • Peristalsis of the muscular layer of the ureter transport urine through this structure

  15. Bladder • Hollow, distendable muscular sac • Located behind symphysis pubis • Midline in pelvic cavity • Lined with mucous membrane • Reservoir for urine, minimum held usually 300ml

  16. Urethra • Tube that carries urine from the bladder outside of the body • External opening is called the urinary meatus • Different in male and females • Normally the turbulent flow of urine washes it free of bacteria

  17. Male Urethra • About 8 inches long • Passes through the prostate gland and through the penis • Carries both urine and semen

  18. Female Urethra • About 1.5 inches long • Opens in above the vagina • Carries only urine outside the body

  19. Urine • About 1500 to 2000ml (1 1/2 - 2 QTS) produced daily • 150 Quarts of liquid filtered through kidneys daily • Made up of concentrated liquid or urea, uric acid, creatinine, mineral salts, pigments, and 95% water • Liquid waste product produced by urinary system

  20. Urine Consistency • Normal – clear, straw colored • Cloudy – white blood cells, pus – infection • Lighter the color – more water • Darker the color – more waste • Pink or red color – blood

  21. Act of Urination • Several brain structures influence bladder function, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem • Together they suppress contraction of the bladder’s muscles until a person wishes to void (urinate)

  22. Act of Urination • The desire to urinate can be sensed when the bladder contains approximately 150ml of urine • As the volume increases, the bladder walls stretch, sending sensory impulses to the brain • Impulses from the brain then cause rhythmic contraction of the bladder muscles • The urethral sphincter relaxes so that urine can enter the urethra (although voiding does not occur yet)

  23. Act of Urination • As the bladder continues to contract, nerve impulses travel to the brain making a person conscious of the need to urinate • If the person chooses not to void, then the external urinary sphincter remains contracted, and the urinary reflex is stopped. • If the person chooses to void, the external sphincter relaxes, nerve impulses stimulate the bladder to contract, and emptying of the bladder occurs

  24. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

  25. Cystitis • Inflammation of the bladder usually caused by pathogens entering the urinary system

  26. Glomerulonephritis • Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney (two types) • Acute – follows a streptococcal infection • Chronic – a progressive disease causing scarring and sclerosing of the glomeruli

  27. Pyelonephritis • Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic ( pus forming) bacteria

  28. Renal Calculus • A kidney stone • Formed when salts in the urine precipitate • Small calculi may be eliminated in the urine, but larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter

  29. Renal Failure • When the kidneys stop functioning (two types) • Acute – caused by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, or dehydration • Chronic – results from progressive loss of kidney function

  30. Uremia • A toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream.

  31. Urethritis • An inflammation of the urethra, usually caused by bacteria

  32. Careers

  33. Dialysis Technician • Operates machines that remove waste and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys can no longer carry out those functions.

  34. Medical Laboratory Technician • Works under supervision of a medical technologist or physician to perform test on tissue, blood and body fluids to help physicians diagnose and treat diseases.

  35. Medical Laboratory Technologist • A health care professional who performs test procedures in laboratories using sophisticated instruments to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases.

  36. Nephrologist • A doctor who is a kidney specialist.

  37. Urologist • A doctor who specially deals with the urinary system which includes the bladder, the urethra and possibly the ureters.

  38. Key Words

  39. Bladder– vesicle that acts as the reservoir for the urine • Bowman’s capsule – part of the renal corpuscle in the kidney; picks up substances filtered from the blood by the glomerulus • Cortex – the outer section of the kidney

  40. Excretory system – also known as the urinary system, responsible for removing certain wastes and excess water from the body and for maintaining the body’s acid- base balance • Glomerulus – microscopic cluster of capillaries in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron in the kidney

  41. Hilum – a notched or indented area through which the ureter, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels • Homeostasis – a constant state of natural balance within the body • Kidneys – bean-shaped organ that excretes urine; located high and in back of the abdominal cavity

  42. Medulla – the inner section of the kidney; contains most of the collecting tubules which carry the urine from the nephrons • Nephrons – microscopic filtering units located in the kidneys; consists of a glomerulus, a Bowman’s capsule; a proximal convoluted tubule, a distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct.

  43. Renal pelvis – a funnel shaped structure that is the first section of the ureter • Ureters – tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder • Urethra – tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body • Urinary meatus – external opening of the urethra

  44. Urine – the fluid excreted by the kidney • Void – to empty the bladder; urinate

  45. Medical Terminology

  46. Nephro (o) denotes kidney • Nephritis – inflammation of the kidney • Nephrohydrosis – disease condition of water in the kidney • Nephrolithiasis – disease condition of rock/stone in the kidney

  47. Nephropathy – disease of the kidney • Nephroptosis – falling out/prolapse of the kidney • Nephrolithotomy – surgical incision to remove rock/stone in the kidney • Nephrosclerosis – disease condition of hardening of the kidney

  48. Hydornephrosis – disease condition of water in the kidney • Nephrostomy – opening/mouth of the kidney

  49. Pyel (o) denotes pelvis of the kidney • Pyelitis – inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney • Pyeloscopy – visual examination of the pelvis of the kidney • Pyelophlebitis – inflammation of the vein and pelvis of the kidney

  50. Pyelectasis – dilatation of the pelvis of the kidney • Pyelotomy – surgical incision of the pelvis of the kidney • Pyelolithotomy – surgical incision to remove rock/stone in pelvis of the kidney

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