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Governments of France 1789-1804

Governments of France 1789-1804. By: Danielle V.L. & Cara F. 1.) Absolute Monarchy.

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Governments of France 1789-1804

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  1. Governments of France1789-1804 By: Danielle V.L. & Cara F.

  2. 1.) Absolute Monarchy Not necessarily always absolute, the monarchy was the government of the Old Regime, which ended with the outbreak of the French Revolution and the death of King Louis XVI in 1792 . The period of Absolute Monarch took place in the final years of the Old Regime under the struggling rule of the King Louis XVI. The Old Regime was the political structure of France from the 1600’s to about 1792.

  3. Absolute Monarchy under Louis XVI • King Louis XVI • Ruled May 10, 1774 - Sept. 21, 1792 • Wife was Marie Antoinette, who was Austrian

  4. Events • 1774-1775: King Louis acceded to the French throne and began to involve France with the American Revolution • Plunged France deeper into debt- eventually bankruptcy caused the citizens to become more hostile toward the king and his decision making • Soldiers brought home ideas of freedom, liberty, and equality (the goal and result of the American Revolutionary war)- caused the Enlightenment period • Inspired demands for reform from citizens • The Third Estate began to take part in political thinking • Feb. 22, 1787: Meeting of the First Assembly of Notables • The Assembly was called upon by Calonne and the King regarding France’s financial crisis • They wanted to impose tax and fiscal reform on the aristocracy while reducing expenditure and encouraging free trade. • Assembly of Notables (larger version of the King’s council that is supposed to give expert advice during a crisis) disagreed.

  5. Nov. 6, 1788: Meeting of a second Assembly of Notables • Convoked by Necker (Chief Minister) to discuss the calling of the Estates General (proposed by the former Chief Minister Brienne). • Estates General would meet to discuss financial and political situation • The Assembly was dissolved 5 weeks later by Necker due to it’s resistance to reform • Jan. 24, 1789: For the first time since 1614, the Estates General met. • Met May 5th • Voting happens by estate rather than by head, causing the 3rd estate to lose • From then after, the 3rd estate begins to meet on its own which eventually leads to the Tennis Court Oath • 1787-1789: Aristocratic Revolution • King Louis XVI and his ministers were trying to institute reforms that would help with the financial and political issues of France, and these reforms involved loss of luxury to the aristocracy. • Reforms consisted of reforms and loss of influential power • The Aristocratic Revolution was a reaction to attempt to stop the King’s plans • The Assembly of Notables and the Parliament of Paris were at the heart of this for the second estate.

  6. Summary of Events King Louis XVI rose to the throne and was immediately met with the difficult task of getting France out of debt, which was created by his predecessors. However, he was a weak leader and poor decision maker, and as a result involved France in the costly American Revolution. This, and the luxurious spending habits of the first estate, eventually made France bankrupt. French participation in the American Revolution and had reached a total of 4 billion livres in 1789 (equivalent to $5.6 billion in 1980 dollars), when interest payments absorbed half of the national revenues (http://history-world.org/french_revolution1.htm ). Also, the ideas of the American Revolutionary War spread to France, influencing the citizens and causing the Political Enlightenment. This set off a chain reaction. The meeting of the first Assembly of Notable was supposed to help fix the financial issues. However, the king met resistance in the institution of reforms due to the fear of the second estate. This was the beginning of the Aristocratic Revolution, the reaction of the second estate out of fear reform and the loss of their privileges. Due to France’s growing problems the Estates General was called upon to discuss the cahiers de doleancesand financial/political issues of France and to vote as a representative body. However, the promise of the revision to vote by head rather than estate did not come through, and the 1st and 2nd estate won. This caused the third estate tobegin their revolutionary acts which lead to the National Assembly.

  7. Key People • King Louis XVI: • Aug. 23, 1964- Jan. 21, 1793 • Ruled Aug. 23, 1964- Jan. 21, 1793 • The last Bourbon King of France during the Old Regime. He was considered a awkward, weak not kingly in character; he was constantly taking advice from those around him whether it was good or bad. He lost control of France and its citizens with the development of the French Revolution in 1789 after a series of bad decisions having to do with the financial and political issues of France. He was eventually over thrown and killed by revolutionaries. • Queen Marie Antoinette: • Nov. 2, 1755- Oct. 16, 1793 • Married King Louis XVI on May 16, 1770 • The Queen is considered to be, as well as her husband, a cause for the French Revolution. She was known for living in luxury and spending money left and right while much of the population was starving and penniless. One of her most famous incidents was the Diamond Necklace Affair, which resulted in the people to look at her with disdain due to her selfish and luxurious style of living. She was a strong supporter of absolute monarchy and was involved in influencing King Louis away from reform and doing anything to retain his power in the early stages of the French Revolution.

  8. 3. Jacques Necker: • Director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) for Louis XVI of France • Published the Compterendu au roi, which was the first document available to the public that allowed them to know the income and expenditure of the French government. He was dismissed the first time partially because of this document and poor relations with Marie Antoinette. • Necker succeeded Brienne, and continued the idea of a meeting of the Estates General. He also announced that the voting system of the Estates General would now be by head instead of estate, giving much power to the third estate. • Throughout his time in service, he became personally involved with plans to reform the tax system and finance the national debt, although he was unsuccessful 4. Vicomte de Calonne: • Became controller-general in 1783 • Known for his clash with the First Assembly of Notables and one of the first attempts at reform for France regarding it’s financials. He came up with the proposal of imposing taxes and fiscal reform on the aristocracy while reducing expenditure and encouraging free trade. • This incident is what lead to his demise in the political field of France

  9. 5. The Parlements: • Part of the Old Regime, they were royal courts of law that had legislative and judicial roles • Consisted of people with money and birth right (1st and 2nd estate) • There were 13 and the most important was the Parliament of Paris • “They put enormous emphasis on the protection of feudal rights. This was their primary mission: to guard the vestiges of traditional society and keep the monarchy in check whenever it looked as if the king of the day was entertaining notions of reform” (Davies 11). • The Parliament of Paris was at the heart of reform resistance for the king and a leader in the Aristocratic Revolution. • They could challenge the King and visa versa Necker CalonneParlements

  10. 2.) The National Assembly • Governed from June 17, 1789 to July 9, 1789 • Was created by the third estate after the meeting of the Estates General. This new body represented “the desires of the Third Estate, and also gave form to the idea of the nation as a voluntary and organic entity” (Davies 32). • Was made up of members mainly of the third estate, but there was also members of the first and second estates.

  11. Events • June 20, 1789: The Tennis Court Oath • 576 men met in a tennis court and signed an oath that declared they would continue to meet until they had established a new Constitution for France. • In this moment, the Third estate stood united and agreed not to disperse until they were given fair representation in the political systems of France and the government was changed to a constitutional monarchy rather than an absolute. • This event forced King Louis XVI to recognize the third estate as the National Assembly and a political representative body, as well as the beginning of the Bourgeois Revolution • June 23, 1789: Séance Royale • King Louis XVI gave a series of speeches that proclaimed that he was going to ignore the formation of the National Assembly and their Tennis Court Oath, and that they must meet separately • June 24, 1789: Nobility joins the National Assembly • A day after the Séance Royale, a group of clergy and nobility joined the Third Estate. Among this group was the Duke of Orleans. • This resulted in the King recognizing the Assembly a few days later

  12. June 27, 1789: King Louis XVI was forced to recognize the National Assembly • This occurred just days after a large group of the 1st estate joined the third estate • King Louis also instructed the 1st and 2nd estates to join the 3rd estate • This was the first of many defeats for the king, and each loss lead him closer to destruction. • July 1, 1789: King Louis recruited more troops to end the situation developing in the capital • King Louis realized that change was coming with the existence of the National Assembly and feared for his power • He called in troops that would monitor and put down any revolutionary acts • This increase in the number of troops caused panic among the people who feared military invasion, and this panic eventually caused the Fall of the Bastille Tennis Court Oath

  13. Key People • Abbe Sieyes: • Published the famous pamphlet What is the Third Estate? Which became a guide for 1789 revolutionaries in forming the National Assembly • Lead the Third Estate on 17 June 1789 in declaring themselves the National Assembly • Marquis de Mirabeau: • Along with Abbe Sieyes, Mirabeau also lead the Third Estate on the 17 June 1789 to create the National Assembly • He was a member of the nobility and became the leader of the Third Estate. His goal was to break the resistance of the 1st and 2nd estate for reform and to persuade the king to change to a constitutional monarchy as the only way it would survive. • King Louis XVI • During this period, the people were still willing to maintain the monarchy, they just wanted a constitutional monarchy • King Louis resisted the National Assembly at first, but was later forced to recognize it • The people believed that he was trying to lock them out of their usual meeting places, which resulted in them all meeting together and forming the Tennis Court Oath and National Assembly

  14. 4. Duke of Orléans: • Cousin to King Louis XVI, and a powerful duke and member of the nobility that joined the National Assembly a day after the King’s Séance Royale • Was part of the nobility group that persuaded King Louis to recognize that the Estates General was gone and the National Assembly now existed in its place. 5. The Third Estate: • The Third Estate is made up almost the entire population of France during the time of the French Revolution. They were the estate that were treated unequally to the luxurious 1st and 2nd estates. They consisted of poor farmers to merchants that were not wealthy or that did not have the birth right to being an aristocrat. This Estate experience much change in political thinking leading up to 1789, resulting from the Enlightenment inspired by the American Revolution brining ideas of equality, liberty, and fraternity, and the publishing of Abbe Sieyes’s pamphlet What is the Third Estate? The third estate made up the bulk of the revolutionaries in 1789, and they formed the National Assembly after they did not receive fair representation at the Estates General.

  15. 3.) The National Constituent Assembly • Governed and represented the 3rd Estate (and others) from July 9, 1789 to September 30, 1791 • This time in France was when the monarchy lost all power and the National Assembly began to rule. • France experience much change politically and socially • The Radical stage of the Revolution begins to take shape.

  16. Events • July 14, 1789: The Fall of the Bastille • The Bastille was a fortress of an arsenal and prison in Paris. • As a reaction to the increase in troops and revolutionary spirit, the people of Paris stormed the Bastille, taking its arsenal and releasing 8 prisoners. • This event is viewed as the moment the revolution moved into the streets, the King lost total control of the capital city, and royal authority had ceased. • Late July-August: The Great Fear • A series of revolts carried out by peasants where by they attacked every symbol of feudalism they could find • The revolts were a reaction from fear of an aristocratic plot regarding the 1789 harvests and the intentions of the noble land lords. • The night of August 4th was seen as the center point of the revolt because of the August Decrees • August 4, 1789: The August Decrees • Issued by the National Constituent Assembly as a reaction to the Great Fear • Abolished feudalism

  17. 4. August 26, 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • Created by the National Assembly to establish certain rights: the belief in equality is limited to rights, property is viewed as a right , and the nation is now sovereign, freedom of speech, legality and freedom. It outlined the goals of the Revolution • However, the King did not feel threatened by it because it maintained the monarchy 5. October 5, 1789: Women's March on Versailles • More than 6000 women (many were armed) accompanied by the National Guard marched to Versailles with anger and aggressiveness towards the king • Bread prices were now so high that no peasants could afford them and thousands of people were starving • Rumors told that the King and queen were hording grain in the palace of Versailles. • The king and Queen were brought back to Paris 6. June 1791: Flight to Varennes • The King and Queen, along with their close family, were disguised as Russian aristocrats in an attempt to flee the country to the Queen’s family in Austria • They were recognized by a postman in the city of Varennes • They put under house arrest and eventually brought back to Paris, however now the citizens viewed them with suspicion, claiming they had committed an act of treason • On the July 15, the National Assembly declared the King inviolable and he was reinstated • This event is what caused many of the people to now distrust their king and look upon him with suspicion

  18. 7. August 1791:Declaration of Pillnitz • A reaction by the other monarchies of Europe to the Flight to Varennes • Kings, Queens, Princes, and Dukes across Europe felt that the “Revolution was an abomination and threatened the very concept of absolutism-a principle cherished by them all” (Davies 47). • The declaration was a statement of unity and outrage towards the revolution • They were scared of actually doing something so they made the statement to where it did not obligate them to do something. 8. September 14, 1791: Constitution of September 1791 • Reemphasized the rights and structure outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of man and Citizen • Maintained the monarchy, but separated the legislative body (the national assembly) and the executive body. However, the monarch can not interfere with the works of the legislative body. • The King officially accepted this Constitution and to rule by it, however, it began to cause problems. It was imperfect and incomplete.

  19. Key People • Comte d’Artois: • The King’s brother • During this time period, many royalists decided to emigrate out of France rather than stay and risk supporting the king, and also their lives • Comte d’Artois lead the emigration, allowing thousands of royalists to escape France and fan out across Europe. • Marquis de La Fayette: • Renounced his nobility to represent the 3rd estate in the Estates General. • A strong supporter of a constitutional monarchy ( a moderate royalist ) • Became a leader of the National Assembly when on July 15, 1789, he was appointed commander of the National Guard • Comte de Mirabeau: • Renounced his nobility to represent the 3rd estate in the Estates General • A leader of the National Assembly as it developed from the Tennis Court oath. He worked to bring closer the revolutionaries and the king • He died on April 2, 1791 from heart problems.

  20. 4. King Louis XVI: • During this stage of the Revolution, the King at first tried to resist the reforms • He lost much of his governing power with the Fall of the Bastille, and the March on Versailles caused him to fear for his life rather than just his power. • The Flight To Varennes is what destroyed any relationship that he had with the people. He was now regarded with mistrust and suspicion. It eventually became considered an act of treason. • By the end this stage, he was considered the figure head of France but had no power, and was considered unsupportive by the people 5. Olympe de Gouges: • A huge leader in the women’s rights movement • She wrote plays and pamphlets expressing issues like slavery and women’s rights as blind prejudice. • Drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen and approached the National Assembly to give the same rights to women that were just issued to men

  21. 4.) The Legislative Assembly • Governed October 1, 1791 until September 19, 1792 • Because a constitution was finally created, the National Assembly willingly dissolved and the Legislative Assembly came to power • It is considered to be a complete failure because “by the time of its dissolution, the treasury would be empty, the monarchy would be dead, France would be at war and radicalism would be on the rise” (http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution /legislative-assembly/#sthash.cGwj9SDJ.dpuf). • This Assembly is what carried France into the radical stage of the Revolution

  22. Events • April 20, 1792: France declares war on Austria • King Louis declared war because he saw it as a win-win situation: if the revolutionaries succeed, then he might be able to restore order. If they lost, then the European powers would restore the Bourbon monarch • Robespierre and the Jacobins didn’t want war, while Brissot and the Girondins were pushing for war • The Legislative Assembly declared that the “fatherland” was in danger • July 25, 1792: The Brunswick Manifesto • A document created by the Duke of Brunswick, and the commander of the Austrian-Prussian armies • He was trying to speak to the “sensible” people of France to bring down the Revolutionaries. Also that if the safety of the Kind was guaranteed, then the other European powers would negotiate. If not, then they would invade France. • The response was more radicalism and the arrest of the King

  23. 3. August 10, 1792: Attack on the TuileriesPalace • The King was being kept at the Tuileries Palace • The people were over the monarch and Jacobins and Girondinsstormed the palace and arrested the King • This was seen as the end of the monarchy 4. August 22, 1792: Royalists revolt in Vendee • One of the first main acts of cournter-revolutionaries • Following the destruction of the monarchy and the attack of the TuileriesPalace, royalists in Vendee revolted • The Legislative Assembly was forced to send the National Guard • This was one thing that led to the September Massacres 5. September 1792: The September Massacres • The first sign of organized violence, and also considered one of the first stages of the Terror and the Radical evolution • Radical revolutionaries like Robespierre and Brissotin executed about 2,000 royalists • This was a reaction to the Brunswick manifesto and continual of the anger towards the government in the Attack of the Tuileries. • The people have now destroyed the monarchy, overthrown the Legislative Assembly, formed the National Convention, and decided to create a new constitution.

  24. Key People • Duke of Brunswick: • Commander of the Prussian and Austrian armies that attempted to invade France • Created the Brunswick Manifesto which caused reactionary anger, fear, and violence in France lead to the arrest (and execution) of the king • Was involved in a long war with the revolutionaries of France • Failed to save King Louis XVI • Maximilien Robespierre: • Was the center guy for the radical revolution of France. He executed thousands of people with the guillotine for any hint of suspicion against the revolution. • He was strongly against the monarchy • He was elected into the Estates General, the National Assembly, and the National Convention, as well as elected leader of the radical Jacobin club • He campaigned for the formation of the French Republic and the Execution of the King • Believed in the republic of Virtue • Brought the radical revolutionaries to power which lead to the Terror and radical revolution • He was against the War with Austria and was a key leader in the September Massacres

  25. 3. Jacques Pierre Brissot: • Leader of the Girondins • Believed in spreading the revolution abroad to the other parts of Europe. • Supported the War with Austria and advised King Louis to declare war • He was a major reason why France declared war on Austria 4. Sans-culottes • underrepresented French laborers and commoners • They were the members of the third estate that were constantly frustrated and unrewarded • They were the ones that carried out much of the violent acts and revolts, causing many deaths • Where supporters of the radical revolution and were easily swayed by leaders like Robespierre to carry out violent revolts 5. King Louis XVI: • During this stage of the revolution, the King was attempting to rule by the constitution 1791. He attempted to veto several of the assembly’s acts about the émigrés and their punishments, however, he had to let go due to pressure • On April 20, he declare War on Austria thinking that it was a win-win situation • People become frightened by the war and storm the Tuileries and take the king and his family into custody • This is the end of the Bourbon monarchy and the death of the king approaches

  26. The National Convention September 21, 1792 – October 26, 1795 • On January 21, 1793: Execution of the King • the National Convention ordered for King Louis XVI to be executed. Although the Convention was against putting the king to trial and killing him, but they were forced to when he showed signs of treason and betrayal. • When the king was executed, the monarchy was finally destroyed and a new government was finally able to be implemented. • On June 24, 1793: A New Constitution • the Convention wrote and implemented the new Constitution. • The main goal of the Constitution was to keep the members of the Convention in power, in order to implement the ideas of democracy. • The Constitution was difficult to implement because the revolutionaries were growing more and more radical in their actions. You could say that the new constitution escalated the revolutionaries passion and anger.

  27. 3. Starting in October 1793: THE TERROR • Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety implemented the TERROR! Every person that even so breathed a revolutionary breath was guillotined on the spot. • This started the Reign of Terror, and was successful in suppressing the revolutionary activities for a while. • Eventually the executions became so extreme that the Convention had second thoughts about stabilizing this type of dictatorship. 4. Thermidor 9th (or July 27, 1794): Thermidorian Reaction • The National Convention held a vote to execute Robespierre and put an end to the TERROR! This reaction ended the radical phase of the French Revolution. • The Convention had no respect for the never ending and pointless executions of innocent people, so they revolted against Robespierrians. 5. On August 22, 1795: A New Constitution… Again • The National Convention had the Commission of Eleven draft a new constitution. • This new constitution defined rights of the people while diminishing the old order’s influence on society. • They wanted to forget the past three years and concentrate on building up the government. This new constitution eventually caused the Convention to become suppressed.

  28. Important Individuals • MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE: • Robespierre was the leading figure during the TERROR. He was responsible for implementing the radical execution of individuals who opposed the revolution. • The effect that Robespierre had on France was tremendous. He literally had the citizens under his power by using fear to control them. His rule eventually led to the Thermidorian Reaction. • KING LOUIS XVI: • King Louis XVI was executed at the start of the rule of the National Convention. • His execution was the official end of the rule of the monarchy, which was a major accomplishment for the revolutionaries. The king’s death also allowed the National Convention to come to power and rule the government. • JEAN-PAUL MARAT: • Jean Paul was a journalist who supported the revolutionary actions that were taking place in France. The revolutionaries really looked up to Marat, and his radical views fueled the fire of the revolutionaries. • When Marat was murdered by Charlotte Corday, it effected the revolution more than you may realize. The revolutionaries saw it as a real action against them and made them angry! His death caused revolutionaries to act even more radical.

  29. 4. JAQUES DANTON: • Danton was the financial minister in France during the revolution. The revolutionaries supported Danton, because Danton used reforms to help reduce the stress on the peasants. • As the National Convention took over and the Reign of Terror arose, Danton sought to find another solution to the uprisings of the anti-revolutionaries other than executing them. • He suggested an end to the killing, but was in turn executed himself by Robespierre. 5. CHARLOTTE CORDAY: • Charlotte was the person who killed Jean-Paul Marat. When she killed him, she was then executed on the guillotine, because Marat was an important part of the revolutionary era. • The effect of Charlotte killing Marat was that he was then viewed as a martyr who died as a saint to the revolution and his name should be remembered through the revolution.

  30. The DirectoryNovember 2, 1795 – November 10, 1799 • November 2, 1795: Formation of the Directory • After the Convention was dismantled, the Directory was formed on November 2, 1795. • The Council of Ancients decided that the Directory would be composed of 5 men who had previously been members of the Convention. • This was the start of the Directory, and was the start of the long road to the end of the revolution. • Fructidor 18: The Fructidor Revolution • Royalists accused members of society of trying to bring back the monarchy and that they were anti-revolutionaries. • Napoleon Bonaparte then sent for the military to suppress the situation and chaos began. The effects of this time were catastrophic. • Religion was condensed to one worship day a week, freedom of press was destroyed, and France was once again bankrupt.

  31. 3. Summer of 1798: The First Law of Conscription was implemented • This was due to the dwindling number of French soldiers in the multiple armies that it had in Egypt, Switzerland, and the Papal States. • The effect that this had on the French people was a wide outbreak of civil unrest due to a lack of willingness to join the wars going on. 4. September, 1799: Risk of Invasion • France was at its most vulnerable. Austria and Russia planned to invade Switzerland and make their way towards France. This plan was rooted in a deep hatred toward France for sending troops to the respective countries in an attempt to protect themselves. • Fortunately, Austria and Russia were unable to go forth with their plans to attack, but in desperation, Napoleon was called back to France to help defend the country. 5. November 9, 1799: Napoleon seizes the Government • Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and seized control of the government. • Napoleon created a new consulate which would govern France, with Sieyes and Ducos as leaders with him.

  32. Important Individuals • NAPOLEON BONAPARTE: • Napoleon was a very successful general in France. He had successful wins in Toulon and Italy, and completed a long expedition in Egypt. • Napoleon was eventually the cause of the destruction of the Directory, and created a new form of government called the Consulate. • EMMANUEL JOSEPH SIEYES: • Sieyes was a political writer who is most famous for his work called, What is the Third Estate?. • In May 1799, he was appointed as president of the Directory and was responsible for bringing back Napoleon to France from Egypt. If He had not, France would have continued to be ruled by the Directory. • JOSEPH FOUCHE: • Chief of police that was appointed by Sieyes to suppress civil unrest in France. • He was responsible for closing the Jacobin Club and suppressing the civil unrest. The disbanding of the Jacobin Club allowed for a clean slate for Napoleon to come back to France and have the full support of the French people when he came back from his expedition in Egypt. • The overthrow of the Jacobins from Fouche was imperative to the rise of Napoleon.

  33. 4. GENERAL JOUBERT: • General appointed by Sieyes to go into battle in Italy. France was doing very poorly in battle, and Sieyes wanted to spark a new hope abroad. • Unfortunately, Joubert was killed in the Battle of Novi in Italy. His death led to the loss of the battles in Italy and caused France to become a place of civil unrest and rioting. 5. LAZARE HOCHE: • A general who fought for France during the time of the Directory. He defeated the Austrians in the Battler of Neuwied which was a great feat for France. • He was also minister of war for a while, but resigned due to an undermining from fellow ministers in France.

  34. The Consulate: 1799-1804 • November 10, 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory • He did this with the intention of starting a new governing era, with the Consulate in charge. The effect of the new government had on France was tremendous; France was about to be revolution free. • November 1799: The Constitution of the Year VIII was written • The Constitution gave all power the Napoleon and created a three-house legislature. His rule was widely supported, since he brought back some of the old ways. • He brought back the term notables, which comforted the people of France. The Constitution set up Napoleon’s rule as one the people could trust in.

  35. 3. July 15, 1801: Napoleon and Pope agreed to the Concordat of 1801. • This agreement stated that the Roman Catholic Church was now an integral part of the French culture. Catholicism was now the majority religion, the church had the right to pick and choose their bishops, and Sunday was renamed the Sabbath day. • Napoleon did this as a way to please the people of France, to earn their trust and improve his status among them. His goal was to become the one and only sovereign dictator in France, and the Concordat helped him get there. 4. The Duke of EnghienAffair: • Spanned over a period of a few months, and involved the Duke of attempting many times to assonate Napoleon. Other European nations resented Napoleon’s ride to power and wanted him gone, because they believed that he was taking France down a path that would be detrimental in the future. • Napoleon was eventually tired of fleeing for his life, so he had Enghien arrested and tried for civil unrest and attempts to start a civil war in France. • This caused leaders from all over Europe to become angry with Napoleon for killing Enghien and Napoleon’s popularity was in jeopardy. 5. December 2, 1804:Napoleon crowned Emperor of France. • With the threat of the republic would collapse, Napoleon had to take drastic measures to secure his position as leader of France. • As a result of his crowning, Napoleon worked hard to create a stable France, and succeeded.

  36. Important Individuals • NAPOLEON BONAPARTE: • Napoleon was the main governmental figure during the Consulate period. He brought hope to the people of France and his goals of a new dictatorship for France was achieved. • Napoleon’s rule, however caused much unrest with the leaders of other European nations, who viewed Napoleon as a manipulator and too harsh. 2. EMMANUEL JOSEPH SIEYES: • Sieyes came into power with Napoleon as head of consul. Sieyes was greedy, however and wanted to lead this consul all by himself. • The effect of this was that Napoleon, also greedy for power, wanted to overthrow Sieyes. • Sieyes was taken out of power by Napoleon, who had gained popularity with the people and kicked Sieyes out of power.

  37. 3. LOUIS ANTOINE HENRI: • This man was the Duke of Enghien and attempted to murder Napoleon on several accounts. This affected Napoleon to the extent that he had Henri put on trial because he was so tired of having his life in danger. • Henri’s trial was the beginning of a hatred toward Napoleon from other European leaders. • This did not help Napoleon in his ride to power. 4. JOSEPH FOUCHE: • Fouche was a senator during the rule of Napoleon and persuaded Napoleon to become Emperor of France. • If Napoleon had not listened to Fouche, he would not have become the great ruler he had always wanted to rule France. 5. PAUL BARRAS: • Paul was a member of the first consulate with Sieyes and Napoleon. He was a key individual who Napoleon had to overthrow from power to gain his power. • Barraswas important because if he was not in power with Napoleon, the course of Napoleon’s aim for power would have been very different.

  38. Bibliography • The French Revolution By: Peter Davies

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