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AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA

AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA. Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman   Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo. COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS. Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities (Source: UNESCAP 2000). Annual Avg. (ug/m3). 400. 350. 300. 250. 200.

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AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA

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  1. AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman   Department of Civil EngineeringThe University of Toledo

  2. COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS

  3. Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities(Source: UNESCAP 2000) Annual Avg. (ug/m3)

  4. 400 350 300 250 200 concentration in µg/m 150 100 50 0 Pune Seoul Tokyo Manila Osaka Busan Jakarta Kolkata Bangkok Mumbai Colombo Shanghai New Delhi Singapore Hong Kong Chongqing Air Quality Levels 2000-2001 SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat SPM SO2 NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) PM10 NO2

  5. FACTORS INFLUENCING POLLUTION

  6. POPULATION GROWTH

  7. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

  8. INCREASED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

  9. ECONOMIC GROWTH

  10. ECONOMIC GROWTH

  11. POLLUTION TRENDS • China • India • Sri Lanka

  12. Trends - China

  13. Trends - India

  14. Changes in RSPM levels

  15. Trends – Sri Lanka

  16. Trends – Sri Lanka

  17. CONTROL MEASURES • Technology-Based Regulations • Hybrid Vehicles • Fuel Cell Vehicles • Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion Engines • Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels • Alternative Fuels • Economic Instruments • Emission Trading • Congestion Pricing • Policy Implementation

  18. TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

  19. Effects - India 1328 industries closed or relocated in 1996-97 Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel Change in monitoring equipment ! National Standard (Residential)

  20. Pollution Per Capita Income

  21. Environmental Effects of Globalization • A failure to account for environmental and social degradation • A potential reduction in environmental and social standards • Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases diversity • Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport • Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above. Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures • Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich and poor people, and women and men, all of which also exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation

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