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North Africa

North Africa. Population Patterns. The People Coasts- influenced by European cultures Primary influence is a mix of indigenous and Arab cultures Indigenous people= Berbers Most are farmers , but many were nomadic

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North Africa

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  1. North Africa

  2. Population Patterns • The People • Coasts- influenced by Europeancultures • Primary influence is a mix of indigenousand Arabcultures • Indigenous people= Berbers • Most are farmers, but many were nomadic • People who movefrom place to place depending on the seasonand availability of grassfor grazing and water. • Most populousin the Atlas Mountains and Sahara Desert

  3. Population Patterns • Arabs= people who speak Arabic • Nomadic Bedouinsmigrated to N Africa from the Mid East • Egyptwas the primary gateway for Arabs migratingto N Africa • Can be found herdinganimals in the desert where there is enough vegetationto support herdsor water for growing food

  4. History and Government • N Africa’s proximityto Europeand the Mid Easthas made it vulnerable to invasions • Early Peoples and Civilizations • About 10,000 yrs ago, huntersand gathererssettled in N Africa • 6000 BC- farming communities rose along the Nileand Mediterranean • These farmers were among the first to domesticateplants and animals • Adapt them from wildfor uses as food, clothing, and transportation

  5. History and Government • Egyptian civilization developed about 6,000 yrs ago in Nile River Valley • Used sophisticated irrigationsystems to enable farmers to grow twocrops each year • Developed a calendarwith a 365-dayyear • Built impressive pyramidsas tombs for pharaohs • Invented a form of picture writing- hieroglyphics

  6. History and Government • Invasions • 7th century invasions of Arabsheavily influenced the culturesof N Africa • Berbers assimilatedwith Arab cultures in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco- survived through the Ottomanrule (1922) • Muslim and Jewish exiles fleeing Christianpersecution in Spaininfused Moroccowith Spanish culture in the 1400s

  7. History and Government • European colonialrule also affected people and culturesin N Africa • French influenced Algeria • Geometric boundaries- lines that follow straightlines and do not account for naturaland culturalfeatures- separate Libya, Egypt, and Algeria • These were drawnby Europeans • Caused conflictbetween the new countries • Local practicesof gov’t were not the same as Europeanideas of governing

  8. History and Government • 1800s- well-educatedurban middleclass developed in N Africa • Adopted ideas of nationalism- belief in the right of an ethnicgroup to have its own independence • Stirred developments for self-rule • Independence • Egyptgained independence from UKin 1922 • Suez Canal has made Egypt a key regional power • Also important center for Arabnationalism

  9. History and Government • Algeriagained independence from Francewhen a strong nationalistmovement led to a civil war in the mid 1900s • Since independence in 1962- Algeria has developed its resourcesand increased its standard of living • However, a civil war in the 1990skilled over 100,000 people • 1951- Libyawon independence from Italy • 1969- Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi overthrew the monarchy • 1956- Tunisiagained independence from France • 1956- Moroccowon independence from France • Constitutional monarchytoday

  10. Culture • Religion and Language • When Arabsinvaded, they brought the religionof Islam • Most belong to the Sunnibranch- believe that leadership should be in the hands of the Islamiccommunity at large • Most Berbershave adopted Islam, but some maintain indigenousreligions

  11. Culture • Islam • Calls to worshipoccur 5 times a day • A muezzin(crier) calls the faithfulto prayer from the minaret • Follow the movements of the imam(prayer leader) • They bowand kneel, touching their foreheads to the groundin the direction of the holy city of Meccain Saudi Arabia • Arabicis the main language in N Africa • Muslims learnedit to read the Quran (holy book)

  12. Culture • Education and Health Care • Most young people attend school • Primaryeducation is freeand enrollmentis increasing • Literacy rates vary widely from 52% in Morocco to 82% in Libya • Health Care has improvedin recent decades • People go to gov’towned hospitalsfor medical treatment • Doctor shortagesmean limitedcare for ruralpeople

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