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Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns

Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns. Nouns. Definition: a word which shows a person, place, thing, or idea Classification: Number: singular or plural Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter Case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, locative.

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Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns

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  1. Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns

  2. Nouns • Definition: a word which shows a person, place, thing, or idea • Classification: • Number: singular or plural • Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter • Case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, locative

  3. Declension: based on genitive singular (second form of vocabulary listing) • ae 1st • i 2nd • is 3rd • us 4th • ei 5th • Base: remove the genitive singular ending • Mater, matris = matr

  4. Vocabulary Listing • Nominative singular • Genitive singular • Gender • Definition • Example • Ursus, ursi m. bear

  5. First declension • Singular plual • Nom a ae • Gen ae arum • Datae is • Acc am as • Abl a* is • Voc a ae

  6. 2nd masculine • Singular plural • Nom us/er i • Gen i orum • Dat o is • Acc um os • Abl o* is • Voc e/er/i i

  7. 2nd Neuter • Singular plural • Nom um a • Gen i orum • Dat o is • Acc um a • Abl o is • Voc um a

  8. 3rd declension masculine and feminine • Singular plural • Nom varies es • Gen is um, ium* • Dat i ibus • Accemes • Abl e ibus • Voc repeat nom. es

  9. I-stem Rules • For masculine and feminine nouns using “ium” for genitive plural • Mono syllable nom. Sing with base ending in two consonants • Nox, noctis yes • Pax, pacis no • Nominative singular ends with “is” or “es” and genitive and nominative have same number of sylables (parasyllabic)

  10. I-stem rules • Nominative singular ends with “ns” or “rs” • Pars, partis yes • For Neuter nouns: use “ium” for gen.sing, “ia” for nom. Pl, acc. Pl, voc pl. and “i” for abl. Sing • Basically just these nouns • Animal, animalis (animal) • Mare, maris(sea) • Calcar, calcaris(spur)

  11. 4th declension masculine and feminine • Singular plural • Nom us us • Gen us uum • Datuiibus • Acc um us • Abl u ibus • Voc us us

  12. 5th declension masculine and feminine • Singular plural • Nom eses • Gen eierum • Dateiebus • Accemes • Abl e ebus • Voceses

  13. The Neuter Rule • All neuter nouns, adjectives, and pronouns repeat their nominative form for their accusative and vocative. You must use subject verb agreement and context clues to determine the noun’s function in these cases.

  14. 2nddec neuter • Sing pl • Nom um a • Gen i orum • Dat o is • Acc um a • Abl o is • Voc um a

  15. 3rd declension neuter • Sing pl • Nom varies a, ia • Gen is um, ium • Dat i ibus • Acc repeat nom. a, ia • Abl e ibus • Voc repeat nom. a, ia

  16. 4thdec neuter • Sing pl • Nom u ua • Gen us uum • Dat u ibus • Acc u ua • Abl u ibus • Voc u ua

  17. Irregular Noun: vis, vis f. Force, violence • Sing pl • Nom vis vires • Gen visvirium • Datviriviribus • Acc vim vires • Abl vi viribus • Vocvis vires

  18. Nominative Case • Subject: main noun of the sentence • With active verb, person or thing doing the verb • Quintillaservatinfantem. • With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb • Infansservatur a Quintilla. • Subject verb agreement: • A singular verb takes a singular subject. • A plural verb takes a plural subject • Examples • Puellavocat • Puellaevocant

  19. Nominative Case • Predicate Nominative: renames the subject after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse, fui, futurus) • Quintillaestancilla.

  20. Vocative Case • Used to call someone or something • Frequently used with imperatives and questions • Same endings as nominative except second declension masculine which uses an “e” • Example: • Sylvia, feraquam!

  21. Genitive case “of” • Possession • Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive • Cerberus eratPlutoniscanis. • Description • With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun. • Caesar erat dux magnaevirtutis. • Quantity • Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such as satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al. • Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive • Titus bibitnimiumvini.

  22. GENITIVE • Used with the following adjectives:avidus,conscius, cupidus, expers, memor, immemor, nescius, peritus, plenus, studiosus, similis, dissimlis • Cato eratexpershumilitatis. • Cato was lacking in humility.

  23. GENITIVE • used with impersonal verbs to show the cause of feelings • me taedetcalidaeaestate • i am tired of the hot summer

  24. GENITIVE • Value: tells how much something is worth • Domitian putavitsuumfratremtitum nullius momenti • Domitian thought his brother titus of no importance.

  25. GENITIVE • Partitive: tells the group of which a part is mentioned • Part of the girls were laughing. • Pars puellarumridebat.

  26. GENITIVE • Used with special verbs , especially of remembering or forgetting • Oblita sum pecuniae • I was forgetful of money

  27. Dative Case “to, for” • With necesseest • The person or things for whom it is necessary will use the dative • Necesseestmatriadiuvaresuosliberos. • Indirect Object • Shows to whom or for whom something is given, shown or told • DeditMarco pecuniam.

  28. Dative • Special verbs • A group of verbs that take their direct object in the dative instead of the accusative • Some of these are: • Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo, persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum, expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco, resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet, impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet • Credo meaematri.

  29. DATIVE • SOME VERBS WILL USE THIS CASE FOR THE OBJECT: APPROPINQUO, CONFIDO, DIFFIDO, CONSULO, CREDO, FAVEO, GRATULOR, IGNOSCO, IMMINEO, INDULGEO, INVIDEO, IRASCOR, MEDEOR, NOCEO, NUBO, OBSTO, OCCURRO, SUCCURRO, PARCO, PAREO, PERSUADEO, PLACEO, DISPLICEO, PRAECIPIO, RESISTO, SERVIO, STUDEO, SUBVENIO

  30. Dative • With compound verbs • Many compound verbs will use the dative for their direct object instead of the accusative • Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are most commonly used this way • Example • Omnibus eiusconsiliisoccurri. • I withstood all his plans • Occurri is a compound of ob and curro

  31. DATIVE • COMPOUNDS OF SUM EXCEPT POSSUM, ABSUM, INSUM ARE FOLLOWED BY THE DATIVE:adsum, desum,intersum,praesum,prosum, supersum • SOME COMPOUND VERBS BOTH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE ALSO TAKE THE DATIVE

  32. DATIVE • TO SHOW POSSESSION WITH A FORM OF SUM • ERAT CORIOLANI BELLUM. • THERE WAS A WAR FOR CORILANUS.

  33. DATIVE • ADVANTAGE: TO WHOSE ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE • CATO SERVAVIT REM PUBLICAM ROMINIS, • CATO SAVED THE REBULIC FOR THE ROMANS.

  34. DATIVE USED TO SHOW PURPOSE FOR WHICH SOMETHING IS DONE OR EXISTS CAESAR LEGIT OCTAVIANUM HEREDI. CAESAR CHOOSES OCTAVIUS FOR HIS HEIR.

  35. DATIVE • SEPARATION: FROM WHOM/WHAT SOMETHING IS SEPARATED • LUCRETIA RAPTA EST COLLATINO. • LUCRATIA WAS SNATCHED FROM COLLATINUS.

  36. DATIVE • SHOWS THE PERSON/THING OBLIGATED TO PERFORM THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC • CARTHAGO DELENDA EST ROMANIS. • CARTHAGE MUST BE DESTROYED BY THE ROMANS.

  37. Accusative Case • Direct Object: • Follows an action verb and answers who or what after the verb • This is noun the verb happens to • Caesar amatsuamuxorem et uxoresalterorumquoque.

  38. Accusative Case • Object of prepositions • Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for their objects (ask what after the preposition) • In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante (before,…)apud (at,…)circiter (about), circum (around), cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra (below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to), ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind), prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on account of), secundum (following…), super (over…) supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond) • Ambulamus trans pontem.

  39. ACCUSATIVE • DURATION: TELLS HOW LONG SOMETHING LASTS • CELEBRAVIMUS TOTUM MENSEM. • We celebrated the whole month.

  40. ACCUSATIVE • PLACE TO: SHOWS MOTION TOWARD • NAVIGAMUS AD SICILIAM • WE ARE SAILING TO SICILY

  41. ACCUSATIVE • EXTENT: TELLS HOW FAR SOMETHING GOES • THE WALL EXTENDED FOR THREE MILES. • MURUS TENDIT TRES MILIA PASSUUM.

  42. ACCUSATIVE • SUBJECT OF INDIRECT STATEMENT • CATO PUTAVIT CARTHAGINEM DEBERE DELERI. • CATO THOUGHT HTAT CARTHAGE OUGHT TO BE DESTROYED.

  43. ACCUSATIVE • EXCLAMATION • ME MISERUM! • POOR ME!

  44. ABLATIVE • GENERALLY ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS WHERE? WHEN? HOW? WHY?

  45. Ablative • Time: shows when • No preposition • Advenimusnocte. • Special prepositions: These prepositions use the ablative for their objects. • A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex (from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro ( for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under) • Sine aquamortuierunt.

  46. Ablative • Place where: shows location • Use “in” or “sub” • In villahabitamus. • Place from: shows motion away from • Use “a,ab,abs,de,e,ex” • E villa ambulavi. • Cause : shows reason why without preposition • Suisvictoriislaetisunt.

  47. Ablative • Manner: shows style or manner • Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective • Curritcum celeritate. • Curritcum magna celeritate/magna celeritate. • Means: shows means or instrument used to accomplish an action • No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or “with” into English; should not be a person • Vulneratuseratgladio.

  48. Ablative • Personal Agent: person who does the action of a passive verb • Use preposition “a,ab” • A Marco vulneratusest. • Price: shows how much something costs • No preposition • Does not have to be money. • Vendamtibiporcumoctodenariis. • Vendamtibiporcumduobusamphorisvini.

  49. ABLATIVE • TIME: SHOWS WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS; NO PREPOSITION • AT THE NINTH HOUR, CATO WENT TO HIS FRIEND’S HOUSE, • NONA HORA CATON AD SUI AMICI VILLAM VENIT.

  50. ABLATIVE • COMPARISON: WHEN COMPARING TWO THINGS, THE SECOND CAN BE PUT IN THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION • CINNCINNATUS ERAT FIDELIOR PATRIAE SULLA. • CINNCINNATUS WAS MORE FAITHFUL TO HIS COUNTRY THAN SULLA.

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