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Research Process

This is a class lecture on Research Process. It tells about how research shall be conducted from beginning till the end.

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Research Process

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  1. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Research Methodology RESEARCH PROCESS Dr. Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh May 2021

  2. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Lecture Objectives At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Understand the research process 2. Understand the research objectives 3. Design problem statement 4. Design hypothesis 5. Understand data analysis process

  3. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Planning Ahead —Study Questions There are 4 questions to be answered: 1) What is Research Process? 2) How to start a research? 3) What is Research Problem? 4) How to develop Research Objectives and Research Questions?

  4. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Research Methods for Business Students 8thedition

  5. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Research Process

  6. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values.

  7. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Deduction and Induction  Deductive general theory to a specific case.  Hypothesis testing reasoning: application of a  Inductive reasoning: a process where we observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at general conclusions.  Counting white swans  Both inductive and deductive processes are often used in research. 7 7

  8. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Example  A are perhaps not pleased as they used to be. The manager may not be certain that this is really the case but may experience anxiety and some uneasiness that customer decline. sales manager might observe that customers satisfaction is on the  This process of observation or sensing of the phenomena around us is what gets most of the research- whether applied or basic- started. 8

  9. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Example (cont.)  The next step is to determine whether there is a real problem, and if so, how serious it is. This problem identification need some preliminary data gathering.  The manager might talk to a few customers to find out how they feel about the products and customer service. The manager might find that the customers like the products but are upset because many of the times the product is out of stock, and they perceive the salesperson as not being helpful. 9

  10. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Example (cont.)  From salespersons, the manager might discover that the factory does not supply the goods on time. discussions with some of the  Salespersons might also indicate that they try to please the customers by communicating the delivery dates given to them by the factory. 10

  11. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Example (cont.)  Integration of the information obtained through the informal and formal interviewing process has helped the manager to determine that the problem does exist.  It also helps the manager to formulate a conceptual model or theoretical framework of all the factors contributing to the problem.  Theoretical framework is research before research is being conducted.  In qualitative research, framework is expected as a result of the research finding. needed in quantitative 11

  12. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Example (cont.)  Thus, the following factors contribute to the problem:  Delays by the factory in delivering goods  The notification of later delivery dates that are not kept  The promises of the salespersons to the customers that cannot be fulfilled All of these factors dissatisfaction. contribute to customer 12

  13. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. The hypothetico-Deductive Method  The seven steps involved in the hypothetico- deductive method of research : 1. Identify a broad problem area 2. Define the problem statement 3. Develop hypotheses 4. Determine measures 5. Data collection 6. Data analysis 7. Interpretation of data 13

  14. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Identify a broad problem area  If the manager notice a drop in sales, incorrect accounting results, low-yielding investment, disinterestedness of employees in their work, and the like, could attract the attention of the manager to do a research project. 14

  15. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Define the problem statement • Scientific research starts with a definite aim or purpose. • A problem statement states the general objective of the research. 15

  16. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Develop hypotheses  The network of associations between the problem and the variables that affect it is identified.  An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion  A scientific hypothesis must meet two requirements: 1. The hypothesis must be testable 2. The hypothesis must be falsifiable (we can only prove our hypotheses until they are disproved). 16

  17. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Determine measures  The variables in the theoretical framework should be measurable in some way.  Variables: an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change (independent, dependent, controlled)  Some variables can not be measure quantitatively, such as unresponsive employees, we need to operationalize this variable.  Measurement of variables is will be discussed in future lectures (chapters). 17

  18. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Data collection  Data with respect to each variable in the hypothesis need to be obtained.  There are two types of data: - Quantitative data - Qualitative data 18

  19. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Data Analysis  In this step, the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported.  Analyses of both quantitative and qualitative data can be done to determine if certain relations are important.  BUT relational research (to find relationship between variables) cannot Qualitative method be done using 19

  20. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Data Analysis  Qualitative data refer to information gathered through interviews and observations. These data usually for objects than can not be physically measured, like feelings and attitudes.  Quantitative data refer to information gathered about objects that can be physically measured. The researcher could obtain these data through the company records, government statistics, or any formal records. 20

  21. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values. Interpretation of data  Now we must decide whether our hypotheses are supported or not by meaning of the results or the data analysis. interpreting the  Based on these results, the researcher would make recommendations in order to solve the problem in hand. 21

  22. Nurturing professionals with high moral and ethical values.

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