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Load-Pull Measurements

Load-Pull Measurements. 2-dB G T gain drop contours (52 points measured). Varying (“pulling”) load impedance Z L seen by an active device under test Measuring performance metrics of DUT at each Z L point: Transducer Gain (as shown) Power-added Efficiency 1-dB Gain Compression Point

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Load-Pull Measurements

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  1. Load-Pull Measurements 2-dB GT gain drop contours (52 points measured) • Varying (“pulling”) load impedance ZLseen by an active device under test • Measuring performance metrics of DUT at each ZL point: • Transducer Gain (as shown) • Power-added Efficiency • 1-dB Gain Compression Point • Noise Figure • … • Not needed for linear devices • Performance with any ZL determined by measuring small-signal S-parameters • Important for characterizing devices operating in large-signal (nonlinear) mode • Operating point (and thereby performance) may change for different loads Optimal ZL Nonlinear mode

  2. Manual Load-Pull Setup • First set up source tuner for maximum gain, then fix its position • For each (X,Y) position of the load tuner: • Measure injected power Pinj, delivered power Pm • Measure S-parameters of source and load circuitry (shaded boxes) • Move the reference plane to the DUT input and output: • Calculate input and output power loss (due to mismatch) from measured S-parameters • Obtain Pin, Pout by correcting Pinj, Pm for power losses • Solve for transducer gain GT=Pout/Pin • Done at a constant input frequency f0 - harmonic measurements also possible • Large number of points needed for each frequency • Measurements are usually automated

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