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Charles 1625-1640

Charles 1625-1640. Parliament and Charles. C needed £1m to fund the war with Spain 1st Parl met June 1625. C refused to explain his position. H of C granted £140,000 and tonnage and poundage (customs tax) for one year only – not the kings lifetime – this was against tradition.

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Charles 1625-1640

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  1. Charles 1625-1640

  2. Parliament and Charles • C needed £1m to fund the war with Spain • 1st Parl met June 1625. C refused to explain his position. • H of C granted £140,000 and tonnage and poundage (customs tax) for one year only – not the kings lifetime – this was against tradition.

  3. Parliamentary discontent as they felt the recusancy (anti-catholic) laws were not sufficiently implemented, led to C dissolving Parlin 1625. • Buckingham was attacked in Parl because of his foreign policy failings – impeachment was demanded (only then would parl give C most of the money he demanded - £300,000). C decided to protect his favourite by dissolving his 2nd Parl (1626).

  4. C’s reputation damaged by action he took without Parl - he issued a forced loan equivalent to 5 subsidies (1627 Nov – Five Knights Case – upheld the king’s right to imprison without trial those who didn’t pay in this case). • C also claimed he had the right to imprison people without giving any other cause except ‘reasons of state’. • Also used ship money to gain revenue – very unpopular.

  5. MP’s drew up ‘Petition of Right’ to protest against C’s activities Under threat of more proceedings against Buckingham, C agreed to the Petition; C admits his actions have been illegal. • Buckingham assassinated – C loses ally (but also problem) • But the Pet of R limited in what it included so C did not have to give up his right to raise money without Parl’s consent.

  6. C also in trouble for favours to ‘Arminians’ (anti-Calvinists) - for example promoting Laud to Bishop of London 1628. • Tensions increased between C and Parl and Parl was dissolved (1628). Do you understand what is meant by Arminianism?

  7. Personal Rule 1629-40‘Eleven years of tyranny’? Absolute Monarchy? Temporary measure?

  8. Religion • Jhad maintained E’s ‘broad church’ – ‘via media’ - C and Laud were destroying it – Puritans saw Laud as a Cath (although he wasn’t) – fears of Cath absolutism – C did nothing to allay fears – continued to side with the anti-Calvinists (and his wife was a Cath).

  9. William Laud – in charge of the Church from 1628 (archbishop 1633) - appointed bishops who would enforce his ideas: • to restore the ‘beauty of holiness’ to church services – ceremony and position of the altar etc – this was seen to be very Cath by many. • to raise the educational level of parish clergy and restore the power of the church (versus the gentry) - wanted to raise the status of the clergy to ‘equal any gentleman in England’. – this angered the gentry further

  10. Laud was not RC – but was not anti-RC. Did refuse a position offered by Pope but only because he objected to ‘Rome as it is’ – seen as a weak denunciation of the RC church. Laud also believed in the divine right (power of the monarch) and was very important to C during the period of Personal rule.

  11. Star Chamber and High Commission were royal courts (which Laud sat in) used to enforce Laudian policies – seen as a way to attack the gentry. • Famous example - Case of Burton, Prynne & Bastwick 1637 - puritan pamphleteers – gentlemen but treated like common criminals – lost both ears, £5000 fine, pilloried, life imprisonment.

  12. Finance • C needed new ways of raising money because he was ruling without Parl. • C made peace with France in 1630 and Spain in 1631; Crown debts diminished in 1630s.

  13. C raised money by: Forest fines – fines for living in royal forests Fines for ‘distraint of knighthoods ‘ – ie refusing them. They had been sold under James for £30 so many gentry felt they were not worth having Monopolies – reappeared despite being abolished in 1624 Plantations – eg 1632 the City of London is fined for not finding Protestant families to move over to Ireland ‘Ship money’ extended – coastal towns had been required to pay for ships (for protection against pirates). From 1635 this applied to all counties – this was new to inland counties and it was a permanent tax for the first time (previously an emergency tax only) – highly unpopular! ‘Hampden’s Case 1637 – refused to pay ship money. Judges sided with C – but only just.

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