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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). The Life and Career of Napoleon Bonaparte of France. Introduction . Early Life Reasons for Napoleon’s Success Napoleon’s Domestic Policies, 1800-1815 Principles of Napoleonic Warfare Napoleon’s Foreign Policy, 1800-1815 Impact of Napoleon on History.

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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

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  1. Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821) The Life and Career of Napoleon Bonaparte of France

  2. Introduction • Early Life • Reasons for Napoleon’s Success • Napoleon’s Domestic Policies, 1800-1815 • Principles of Napoleonic Warfare • Napoleon’s Foreign Policy, 1800-1815 • Impact of Napoleon on History

  3. Napoleon’s Early Life. • Youth in Corsica, minor nobility. • Military education: Royal Military Academy of Brienne-la-Chateau age 9 • Royal Military Academy Paris age 15 • Artillery focus at school • Sympathy for the Revolution • Defender of the Convention; fires on protesters

  4. Early Life • Military Campaigns: • Italy, 1796-1797; defeats Austria • Egypt, 1797; army defeated by Britain’s Lord Nelson • Marriage to Josephine, 1796 • Gains control over France’s Directory government, (1795-1799) • Declares himself First Consul for life • 1804: Declares himself Emperor

  5. Reasons for Napoleon’s Success • Political Leadership: Unity of Political and Military Power • Ideals of Nation, Glory, and Destiny • Strengths as a Military Figure: • Personal Leadership and Charisma • Ability to hurl huge armies at the enemy • Brilliant strategic and tactical thinking

  6. Napoleon as Military Figure • Directing the energies of the French Revolution outward, to grand wars of conquest • Focus of the army on himself

  7. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies • Centralization of government • System of patronage • New administrative and legal uniformity • The Napoleonic Code • Education • Secret Police • reimposition if Slavery

  8. Principles of Napoleonic Warfare • Offensive: always the first to attack • Mobility: speed and movement of troops • Surprise: catching the enemy off guard • Concentration: tight grouping of forces • Protection: effective defensive tactics

  9. Cavalry of Napoleon

  10. Tactics

  11. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy • 1805-1807: decisively defeats Austria, Prussia, and Russia • 1805: Trafalgar, Oct 21; Austerlitz, Dec 2 • 1806: Imposition of the Continental System • 1808: Spain incorporated into the empire, faces resistance • 1809: Austria defeated at Wagram

  12. The Invasion of Russia • 1812: Napoleon leads an army of 600,000 into Russia in June • Russian army refuses to fight: “Scorched Earth Policy” • September: Battle of Borodino--90,000 casualties. • October: Napoleon occupies Moscow • December: Retreat from Russia--less than 100,000 return

  13. The End of Napoleon • 1814: Formation of the Grand Alliance against Napoleon; Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations); invasion of France and expulsion of Napoleon to the island of Elba • 1815: Napoleon returns: reformation of the Grand Army; Defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, 18 June 1815 • 1821: Dies on Saint Helena

  14. Napoleon and History • Doctrine of the Rights of Man spread across Europe • Economic life rationalized: free from local authorities and local weights and measures • National Law formed basis for economic activity • Nationalism unleashed • Congress of Vienna

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