Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of France 1769 - 1821

1. Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of France 1769 - 1821

2. Learning Objectives for the Unit • Describe Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power • Identify the characteristics of Napoleon • Recognize the military tactics that Napoleon used to conqueror and annex land • Analyze the painting by Jacque Louis David, “Napoleon in his Study” • List the political reforms that Napoleon established in French Society • Describe the rise and fall of Napoleon – causes for the downfall and defeat at Waterloo

3. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • Military Training – 9 yrs • Lieutenant – 20 yrs. Old • Brigadier General – 24 yrs. Old • Capture of Toulon • Military Success • 1795 – Saves the Directory – nicknamed the “Savior of France”

4. Napoleon Gains Political Control • 1798 – Egyptian Campaign is a failure • Arrives in France to find out he is still a hero of France • 1799 – Plans to overthrow Directory and later names himself “first consul”

5. “Napoleon in his Study”by Jacque Louis David • Characteristics of Napoleon Bonaparte • Determined • Power Hungry • “Military Genius” • Dedicated to his Work • Meticulous • Self- Sufficient • Demanding • Highly Respected by his Soldiers

6. Josephine & Napoleon • Napoleon “truly” loved Josephine • While Napoleon was on his Military Campaigns she was unfaithful to him • However, he did take her back for a period of time.

7. Military Strategies • Napoleon Bonaparte • Adapted to battle field • Use tactics that would work best • Make offensive moves • Keep the army well-supplied and encourage them that they will win the fight!

8. Napoleon’s Tactics“Military Genius” • Divide and Conquer – Split the enemy in two and flank them from one side. • The enemy will be literally half the size after the one side is annihilated • Reconnaissance – Search for gaps • Concentrate artillery fire on these gaps • Napoleon increased the use of artillery

9. Napoleon – Building an Empire • Annexed Land – added areas to France • Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy, and Germany • Napoleon conquered most of Europe • Was this enough for Napoleon?

10. Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon’s actions during the Coronation were very symbolic • He took the crown off of the Pope and placed it on himself • Symbolized that he does not owe his success to anyone

11. Napoleon’s Problems with Great Britain • Battle of Trafalgar – Goal – End trade between England and Europe • Heratio Nelson – British admiral of Navy • Great Britain’s Navy was too strong

12. The Napoleonic CodePolitical Reforms in France • Equality of all in the eyes of the law • No recognition of birthright (nobility) • Freedom of Religion • Freedom to find an occupation of choice • Strengthened the role of the family • Emphasis on the husband/father as the head of the family

13. Strengths Guaranteed civil liberties Continued the social aims towards the French Revolution Protected the interest of the middle class Weaknesses Women could not vote Wife owed obedience to her husband Minors had few rights Males were given more freedoms than Women in French Society Napoleonic CodeStrengths and Weaknesses

14. Napoleon in Power“Order, Security, and Efficiency” • Concordat of 1801 – Peace with the Church • Recognizes Catholic Church and religious toleration • Napoleonic Code – Reflects Enlightenment ideas • All MEN are Equal • The state is more important than one man • Order and Authority over individual rights. • Economic Reforms in France - • Controlled prices – Improved Transportation • Public Schools – Abolished Serfdom

15. Napoleon’s Empire 1812

16. Napoleon’s Downfall • Russian Campaign – • Failure (500,000 lives) • Lacked Supplies • Harsh Russian Winter • Napoleon Exiled to island of Elba • Forced to abdicate the throne to King Louis XVIII

17. Napoleon Invades Russia

18. Napoleon Escapes from Elba“Last 100 Days” • Napoleon escapes from Elba and returns to France • Rebuilds Military • Soldiers are Loyal to Napoleon not the King • King Louis XVIII flees and Napoleon regains power

19. Battle of Waterloo - 1815 • Town in Belgium named Waterloo • Napoleon’s army – short lived triumph • British and Prussian forces crushes France • Napoleon forced to exile in St. Helena

20. Success or Failure?Hero or Villain? • Won many victories at the tactical and strategic level • Strategic Greed may have caused his downfall • Rise of Nationalism in French Society

21. Napoleon the “True Leader” • Morale – Napoleon knew his soldiers on a first name basis – He gained their respect by fighting! • “All men who value life more than the glory of the nation and the esteem of their comrades should not be members of the French army.” • “If you should see for the moment uncertain of victory, your emperor will be on the front line.” “Control man’s imagination & you control their heart and soul..” Napoleon Bonaparte

22. Legacy of the Revolution • Influenced other countries to demand: • Constitution • Individual Rights • Liberty and Equality • Strong beliefs in Nationalism • Desire to break away from foreign rule

23. Serfdom and Feudalism abolished everywhere (ex. Russia) Religious Toleration ^ Modern Warfare “nations at arms” Louisiana Purchase LA fights for indepen. In France- Public Schools Merit Law codes (civil rights National bank Public Works Draft for national army Other Influences of the Napoleonic Era and French Rev