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France Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte 1789 - 1821

France Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte 1789 - 1821. Before the Revolution. Church - clergy owned 10% of the land, paid no tax Nobles - 2% of the population -owned 20% of the land and 70% of the wealth Third Estate - Everyone else: -bourgeoisie: craftsmen, merchants, professionals

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France Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte 1789 - 1821

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  1. France Reign of TerrorNapoleon Bonaparte 1789 - 1821

  2. Before the Revolution • Church - clergy owned 10% of the land, paid no tax • Nobles - 2% of the population -owned 20% of the land and 70% of the wealth • Third Estate - Everyone else: -bourgeoisie: craftsmen, merchants, professionals -working poor: worst off in the entire country -rural peasants - were in reality the property of the landowners

  3. 1780’s A series of successive crop failures, food prices double, government repeatedly raises taxes

  4. Response of the Monarchy • Louis XIV -died in 1715 leaving France with a huge debt after fighting many wars and building Versailles, his grand palace • Louis XV -Decadent • Louis XVI -careless, heartless, spendthrift, foolish -wrong man at the wrong time -Most hated for his Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette: They lived extravagant lives -He left the treasury empty, but did aid America in its revolution

  5. Moderate Stage 1789-1792 • Money Troubles • -1788 - poor harvests leave tax revenues low, many rebellions • -1789 - Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles

  6. July 14, 1789 • Known as Bastille Day (France’s Fourth of July) • Random riots throughout the streets of Paris • A mob showed up at the King’s prison - la Bastille, they were looking for guns • The guards gave up voluntarily, but history recorded it as a massive rush for the gates • In the country, landlords were attacked by peasants: Food stores were looted. • In the weeks that followed, the king did not act and people began to call for his removal

  7. Guillotine Palace of Versailles Marie Antoinette Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789

  8. “Liberty, equality, fraternity” • August 4, 1789 -The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Assembly passed laws ending serfdom and feudalism -all class privilege • Called for the creation of a limited power monarchy -like Great Britain

  9. Royal family caught during an escape in 1790 • Church lands confiscated and sold to pay public debt • Radicals called for death of the king and nobles -moderates tried for calm • Many parts of country periodically erupt into chaos • Nobles fled France for more friendly countries • Upper class people being targeted by mobs in random violence • Thousands of nobles killed by government decree

  10. Austria (then led by Marie Antoinette’s brother) threatens war with France • The actions of the lower classes in France have nobles throughout Europe nervous • Other countries join in the fight

  11. The Reign of Terror 1793 - 1794 • In a time of crisis, people look to the strongest leadership available • Radicals seize control of the legislature and round up nobles for execution • Thousands sent to the ‘national barber,’ the guillotine (thought to be humane) • January 21, 1793 -radicals execute Louis XVI and his family. Thousands gather in Paris for the event

  12. People with royal sounding names were killed • Kings and queens on playing cards were ordered changed • Orders thousands of executions, used spies all over the country • Public executions were relished by crowds in cities • People put to death for having undesirable views of the revolution • 40-50,000 killed, including peasants

  13. Reaction Stage • People are sick of the killing and disorder, the terror did not help to advance the revolution, food prices still out of control • 1795 New constitution written giving much power to intellectuals • Army again under control of the Paris government • Other countries still threaten France for fear of spreading revolution

  14. The Napoleonic Stage (1799-1815) • Napoleon Bonaparte born in 1769 on the island of Corsica, studied military history as a young man • Joined the army at 16 and trained as an artillery expert • By early 1790’s, he is moving up fast in the ranks • 1795 defends the National Assembly • 1796 captures the Italian city of Milan • 1797 assigned to disrupt British trade on the Med. Sea • Decides to invade Egypt but defeated, HOWEVER, he controlled the information that got back to France and the people thought he was winning great battles and so by 1799, he was the most famous man in France

  15. Coup D’Etat (overthrow of the state) • Returning to Paris, he was urged to seize power • Through connections he was placed in charge of the army • Through the army, controlled the government and assumed role of a dictator

  16. Early Accomplishments • Strengthened and organized the military • A peace treat with opposing countries was signed by 1802 • Economic reforms -more equitable taxation -national bank to control inflation -loans to business • Government reforms -reduced corruption -created public schools for many -appointed officials by merit

  17. Religious reforms -promoted freedom and tolerance -government took control of church land -signed a peace agreement with the pope • The Napoleonic Code -new laws that guaranteed rights of speech, press, and religion -did put limits on individuals that favored the government

  18. France has an Emperor • 1803 -23,000 French soldiers defeated by former slaves on the island of Haiti -Napoleon sells Louisiana territories to the U.S. for profit (Louisiana Purchase) • 1804 -At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the Pope crowned Napoleon Emperor -French voters approved of this overwhelmingly

  19. Why did they have a revolution only to elect another king/emperor? • Very aggressive and determined style of leadership • Continent’s biggest army, best equipped

  20. He will control all of Europe clear to Russia • Empire big, but too hard to control • He will only be able to control all until 1812

  21. Napoleon’s Fall • Divorces Josephine • British blockade hurts France’s economy (the stopping of US ships will cause a war between America and Britain -The War of 1812) • Tried to invade Russia -left France with 422,000 men, returns with 28,000 • Other countries ally themselves against France and beat Napoleon in battle • Napoleon accepts defeat and is banished to Elba, a small island south of France • Louis XVIII named king

  22. The Hundred Days • Hearing news that the new king was in trouble, Napoleon escapes and returns to France -his troops join his side • Allied coalition quickly move troops back to Belgium where Napoleon was trying to invade • Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo • Exiled to St. Helena where he dies in 1821

  23. And today? • Iraq -chaos could lead to a Napoleonic-type figure to emerge • Congress of Vienna 1815 -royal families from around Europe devise ways to keep revolutions like that in France from happening elsewhere -keep poor from rising up (focus on outside enemy) -think Middle Eastern countries of today

  24. Napoleon BonaparteAD 1769 - 1821 24 minutes

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