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NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Dr. Anna L. Kiss Department Anatomy , Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2019. AUTOCRINE. ENDOCRINE (hormones). PARACRINE. NEUROENDOCRINE (neurohormone). MECHANISM OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION. neuron.

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NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM Dr. Anna L. Kiss DepartmentAnatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2019

  2. AUTOCRINE ENDOCRINE (hormones) PARACRINE NEUROENDOCRINE (neurohormone) MECHANISM OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION neuron ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF EFFECT OF SECRETION

  3. DIENCEPHALON CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE LOWER BRAIN STEM UPPER BRAIN STEM = DIENCEPHALON

  4. Hypothalamo-hypophysealsystem

  5. SUPRAOPTICO-PARAVENTRICULO-HYPOPHYSEAL MAGNOCELLULAR SYSTEM III. ventricle • 2 magnocellularhypothalamicnuclei: • supraoptic • paraventricular (posterior pituitary)

  6. FUNCTION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES OXYTOCIN Contraction of uterinal smooth muscle (delivery) Contractionof the mammary smooth muscle (milk ejection) VASOPRESSIN (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) Vasoconstrictor, enhances the blood pressure Water absorption in the collective tubules of kidney

  7. Anterior pituitary ADENOHYPOPHYSIS median eminence median eminence 1. PARS TUBERALIS 2. PARS INTERMEDIA (INTERMEDIATE LOBE) 3. PARS DISTALIS (ANTERIOR LOBE) pars tuberalis infundibular stem infundibular process pars intermedia pars distalis NEUROHYPOPHYSIS 4. MEDIAN EMINENCE 5. INFUNDIBULAR STEM 6. INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS

  8. Regulation of theanteriorpituitary Parvocellularnuclei of thehypothalamus RELEASING HORMONES LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) TRH (thyreotrop hormone-releasing hormone) CRH (corticotrop hormone-releasing hormone) GRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) INHIBITING HORMONES Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

  9. HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE Trop hormones: stimulatory the target organ is another endocrine gland LH (luteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotrop hormone) STH (somatotrop hormone) = GH (growth hormone) LTH (luteotrop hormone, prolactin) MSH (melanocyte stimultaing hormon): p. intermedia

  10. FEED-BACK MECHANISM

  11. STH: growth hormon - acts on all cells of the body - stimulates the liver to produce and secrete insulun-like growth factor - results in body growth In the abcense of GH during development

  12. Growth hormon, STH, somatotrop hormon overproduction GIGANTISM ACROMEGALY normal giant normal In adult

  13. TSH: Thyroidgland LARYNX THYROID GLAND T

  14. HISTOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND colloid in follicles sinus hematoxylin-eosin staining thyroxin production immunostaining for calcitonin in C-cells (depresses the calcium level of the blood)

  15. absorption by endocytosis colloid follicular epithelium lysosome colloid (thyroglobulin) Thyroxin (T4) Triiodthyronin (T3) RER amino acids + iodine capillary MECHANISM OF THYROID HORMONE PRODUCTION SYNTHESIS iodine

  16. Thyroid hormon (thyroxin): increases the metabolic rate has morphogenic effect overproduction of thyroxin in adult absence of thyroxin during fetal life BASEDOW-DISEASE CRETENISM

  17. ACTH: ADRENAL GLANDS

  18. capsule cortex medulla HISTOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS hematoxylin-eosin staining

  19. Zona reticularis Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata sexual steroids mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids hematoxylin-eosin staining Cortex of the adrenal gland

  20. FUNCTION OF ADRENAL HORMONES CORTEX MINERALOCORTICOIDS (aldosteron) water and salt balance GLUCOCORTICOIDS (cortisol, corticosterone) carbohydrate metabolism enhancing the level of blood glucose SEXUAL STEROIDS

  21. Gonadotropichormones : FSH, LH

  22. The effect of thegonadotropichormones

  23. Regulation of themilkproduction: theeffect of LH

  24. Pituitary-independentendocrineorgans Adrenal medulla Pineal body Parathyroid gland Islets of Langerhans Placenta Enteroendocrine cells

  25. Pituitary-independentendocrineorgans Adrenal gland medulla: pituitary independent!!! EPINEPHRIN, NOREPINEPHRIN involved in defense reaction to stress works together with the sympathetic nervous system

  26. Adrenalmedulla chromaffincells: adrenalin, noradrenalin ganglioniccells (neurons)

  27. ADRENAL MEDULLA • Sympato-adrenalsystem • venoussinusoids: muscularwall • chromaffincells: adrenalin, noradrenalin • ganglioncells

  28. PANCREAS: Langerhans islets

  29. LANGERHANS-ISLETS Prepared by Mihály Petkó Preparedby György Sétáló blood sugar level Α (α) cells: glucagon: increases the blood sugar level B (ß) cells: insulin: decreases the blood sugar level

  30. THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

  31. HISTOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Chief cells Oxyphil cell Fat cell hematoxylin-eosin staining Chief cells produce parathormone (controls the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions of blood)

  32. THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Parat hormon: (parathyroid gland) • increases the blood Ca2+ level (increased reabsorbtion at the large intestine+remove Ca2+ from the bone) • decreases the blood phosphate level (preventing the phosphate reabsorbtion in the kidney) Calcitonin: (parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland) • decreases the blood Ca2+ level • Increases the blood phosphate level

  33. HISTOLOGY LOCALIZATION brain sand Pinealocytes hematoxylin-eosin staining PINEAL BODY Melatonin, serotonin

  34. Pinealgland Pinealgland

  35. References Sobotta atlas Wikipaedia

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