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Foundations in Microbiology

Foundations in Microbiology PowerPoint to accompany Fifth Edition Talaro Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microbiology The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification bacteria viruses fungi

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Foundations in Microbiology

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  1. Foundations in Microbiology PowerPoint to accompany Fifth Edition Talaro Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

  2. Microbiology • The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification • bacteria • viruses • fungi • protozoa • helminths (worms) • algae

  3. Branches of study within microbiology • Immunology • Public health microbiology & epidemiology • Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology • Biotechnology • Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

  4. Microbes are involved in • nutrient production & energy flow • decomposition • production of foods, drugs & vaccines • bioremediation • causing disease

  5. Impact of pathogens • Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases • 10 B infections/year worldwide • 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

  6. Characteristics of microbes

  7. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • First to observe living microbes • his single-lens magnified up to 300X (1632-1723)

  8. Scientific Method • Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation • A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis. • Results must be published & repeated by other investigators.

  9. If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory • Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a Law or principle

  10. Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc)

  11. Louis Pasteur • Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o. • Developed aseptic techniques. • Developed a rabies vaccine. (1822-1895)

  12. Germ theory of disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

  13. Robert Koch • Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease. • Developed pure culture methods. • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera. (1843-1910)

  14. Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying & naming living things • Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya • Kingdom - 5 • Phylum or Division • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

  15. 3 domains • Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan • Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc • Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles

  16. Naming micoorganisms • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names • Genus - noun, always capitalized • species - adjective, lowercase • Both italicized or underlined • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) • Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) • Escherichia coli (E. coli)

  17. Evolution- living things change gradually over millions of years • Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. • All new species originate from preexisting species. • Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. • Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity.

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