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General overview about ecosan

General overview about ecosan. Christine Werner, Heinz-Peter Mang, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure. 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India.

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General overview about ecosan

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  1. General overview about ecosan Christine Werner, Heinz-Peter Mang, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  2. Content • Introduction to ecosan • ecosan technologies • ecosan pilot projects • GTZ-ecosan programme • urban ecosan systems 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  3. Introduction to ecosan shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation • The idea, that human excreta are wastes with no useful purpose is a modern misconception. It has led to the develop-ment of so-called “drop and store” or “flush and forget” sanitation solutions, where precious drinking water is used to transport excreta into the water cycle misusing our rivers, oceans and aquifers as a sink for untreated waste. 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  4. Introduction to ecosan shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation • Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide • Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks • Consumption of precious water for transport of waste • High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs • Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements • Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters • Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in combined, central systems • Linear end-of-pipe technology 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  5. shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Pathogens Nitrates Polluted groundwater Viruses Introduction to ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  6. Introduction to ecosan million tons per year (as N + P2O5 + K2O) 135 www.fertilizer.org 50 excreta are a valuable resource • farmers around the world yearly require 135 Mio tons of mineral fertiliser for their crops, while at the same time conventional sanitation dumps 50 Mio tons of fertiliser equivalents from so called wastewater flows into our water bodies - nutrients with a market value of around 15 Billion US dollars. 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  7. principles of ecosan FOOD FOOD closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction Introduction to ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  8. Introduction to ecosan closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture rainwater harvesting restoring soil fertility food agricultural use organicwaste greywater faeces urine treatment / hygienization water reuse no waste disposal in water bodies 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  9. Introduction to ecosan advantages of ecological sanitation • Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle • Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy • Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity • Conservation of resources • Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions • Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach • Material flow cycle instead of disposal 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  10. Introduction to ecosan eco-sanitation concepts and strategies eco-sanitation… • … is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal • … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies • … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered. • Human excreta and domestic used water are not wastes but are important natural resources! 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  11. Resource conservation Climate protection Business and labour promotion Flood protection Food security ecosan Integrated Water Resources Management Sustainable agriculture Health + Conservation of soil fertility Introduction to ecosan ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  12. 14.1 12.3 5.3 3.6 K Organics kg COD/ (Person·year) P N 1.0 0.8 Nutrient content kg N,P,K / (Person·year) Introduction to ecosan composition of household wastewater 10.000 – 200.000 l 50 l 500 l source: Otterpohl Volume Liter / (Person·year) greywater urine faeces 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  13. Introduction to ecosan fertilizer potential of human excreta source: Drangert, 1998 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  14. Introduction to ecosan eco-sanitation concepts and strategies To optimise cost efficient, high quality treatment and recycling options, two principles are very often being applied in ecosan systems: • flow streams with different characteristics, such as faeces, urine and greywater, are often collected separately. Rainwater harvesting and the treatment of organic waste and animal manure can also be integrated into the concepts. • the unnecessary dilution of the flow streams is avoided, for example by using dry, low flush or vacuum transport systems. This minimises the consumption of valuable drinking water and produces high valued concentrations of recyclables. 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  15. Introduction to ecosan phosphate source: US Geological survey, 2003 • World demand for phosphate fertilizers continues to expand in relation to increased world population and food requirements. • For the period 2003-07, world phosphate consumption is forecasted to increase by 2.6% annually. • Within about 60 years, all reserved phosphate are expected to be mined. • Future conflicts on the access to phosphate are likely, due to the limited reserves and the concentration of significant minable resources in a very small number of countries. 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  16. WHO guidelines for agricultural use of treated water Introduction to ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  17. agricultural utilisation of nutrients Introduction to ecosan One person can provide enough nutrients for:200 m2 to 400 m2 agricultural production area, depending on soil and plant type, but: a multi-barrier concept is recommended for securing hygienic safety in the reuse of human faeces and urine in agriculture: • Awareness raising and education on hygiene and reuse aspects • Proper pre-treatment (storage, drying, composting, anaerobic digestion, heating, filtration, irradiation with UV etc.) • Suitable „handling“ (with security measures) • Limitation to specific vegetables and field crops, or to specific vegetation periods, depending on pre-treatment the crops nutrient needs have to be respected (no over-fertilisation) with respect to crop quality and environmental concerns 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  18. Introduction to ecosan centralised and decentralized systems Centralized Partially decentralized Fully decentralized source: Larsen, 2001 • centralized sewer system and treatment • recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through reuse of wastewater • small-scale closed cycles of water and materials • e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater • centralized nutrient processing facility • centralized greywater sewer system and treatment 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  19. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Introduction to ecosan Vacuum urine-diversion toilet Conventional toilet (WC) Cost Composting urine diversion toilet source: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Time (year) Projected costs for sanitation service for 5000 inhabitants, Germany 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  20. Introduction to ecosan benefits of ecological sanitation • safe sanitation • healthy environment source: www.virtualmuseum.ca source: Johannes Heeb ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  21. Introduction to ecosan benefits of ecological sanitation • improved soil quality through reuse of organics • restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse faeces & urine none urine source: Petter Jenssen compost improved soil source: Vinnerås, 2003 untreated soil after one week without water 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  22. Introduction to ecosan benefits of ecological sanitation source: Petter Jenssen • recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country) • energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment • reuse of water 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  23. ecosan technologies overview of ecosan technology-components 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  24. ecosan technologies examples of urine diverting toilets China Dubletten, Sweden Roediger, Germany Wost-Man, Sweden  dry/wet: faeces with, urine without flush  dry/wet: faeces without, urine with flush  wet: faeces & urine with flush GTZ, Mali  waterless: faeces and urine without flush 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  25. waterless urinals ecosan technologies vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany Lambertsmühle, Germany Mon Museum, Sweden Urimat Ernst Keramag 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  26. ecosan technologies examples of composting toilets composting toilet, Germany (Berger Biotechnik) Sweden 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  27. ecosan technologies examples of dehydrating toilets school toilet facility, China two chamber systems rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Mali 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  28. ecosan technologies examples of dehydrating toilets various dehydration systems (with and without urine separation) “Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa “SolaSan”-prefabricated system, South Africa 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  29. ecosan technologies vacuum systems elements: vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station advantages: water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic) manufacturer: i.e. Roediger GmbH 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  30. ecosan technologies anaerobic treatment with biogas production small-scale biogas plants: decentralized treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  31. ecosan technologies large scale biogas plants 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  32. ecosan technologies membrane technology • Highly effective removal of soluable and biodegradable materials in wastewater stream • selective permeable membrane (pore sizes < bacteria) • treated water recycle potential for non-potable application • compact, flexible system 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  33. ecosan technologies earthworm treatment system example in South Africa: 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  34. tilapia carp duckweed ecosan technologies aqua culture • wastewater treatment by aquatic plants and fish with nutrient recyling by human consumption • offers high quality protein at low cost • predominantly in Asian countries • fish production of 1-6 tons/ha·year) achieved 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  35. ecosan technologies fishfarming with wastewater from ducks, poultry or pigs husbandry (Asia) source: Nils de Pauw 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  36. ecosan technologies constructed wetlands • treatment of wastewater or greywater • effective in the removal of BOD, TSS, pathogen and nitrogen • effluent can be reused • aesthetically appealing source: Cemagref vertical flow source: Comax International Ltd. Niels De Pauw horizontal flow 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  37. ecosan technologies Constructed wetland with biomass production • Combined wastewater treatment and bio-fuel production from willow plantations (example in Sweden) • Cost and energy effective source: EU Fair, 2003 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  38. ecosan technologies „epuvalisation“ nutrient recycling (Senegal) 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  39. ecosan technologies urine storage Various containers for urine storage: Gebers, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  40. agricultural use ecosan technologies direct injection of liquid fertiliser irrigation urban agriculture urban agriculture dried faeces - „soil amelioration“) composting with organic waste 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  41. ecosan pilot projects basic types of ecosan projects 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  42. Vacuum pipe Central technical building Storm water infiltration in swales Transport of blackwater and biowaste Vacuum toilet Biowaste shredder Greywater treatment in constructed wetlands ecosan pilot projects eco-settlement Lübeck – Flintenbreite, Germany eco-settlement for 350 people source: Otterwasser GmbH, Germany 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  43. ecosan pilot projects eco-settlement Lübeck – Flintenbreite, Germany apartments with greywater treatment and constructed wetlands vacuum station, sanitization tank and biogas treatment plant for the collection and treatment of diluted blackwater 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  44. ecosan pilot projects ecosan public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ) • Public toilet: separate collection of urine, faeces and anal cleaning water • Co-composting of faeces with paper Source: Johannes Heeb Source: Johannes Heeb 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  45. ecosan pilot projects public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ) Current collection- transport-, treatment- and reuse-system 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  46. ecosan pilot projects New Zealand compost toilet (bin) greywater wasteland 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  47. ecosan pilot projects biogas-program Dhapasi, Nepal biogas is used for cooking, organic sludge is used to fertilise the garden toilet wastewater and manure is used in a household biogas plant 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  48. ecosan pilot projects experimental on-site sanitation in Koulikoro, Mali (supported by GTZ) experimental on-site sanitation module consisting of a urine diverting dehydrating latrine, shower and greywater garden Urine diverting concrete slab Greywater garden 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  49. ecosan pilot projects Egypt (supported by GTZ) • large scale field test on soilisation of sewage sludge using vegetation (IPP Consult) Soilisation bed with grass 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

  50. ecosan pilot projects integrated natural resources management in Botswana (supported by IUCN, DED, GTZ) Introduction of ecosan systems in three communities: dehydration toilets, urine separation and fertilization of gardens with urine urine diversion toilet made out of plastic Awareness workshop on a village level 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

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