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A NEMZETK ZI JOG RV NYES L SE S RV NYES T SE

A NEMZETK

MikeCarlo
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A NEMZETK ZI JOG RV NYES L SE S RV NYES T SE

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    1. A NEMZETKZI JOG RVNYESLSE S RVNYESTSE Nagy Boldizsr eloadsa az ELTE llam- s Jogtudomnyi Karn 2010

    2. A NEMZETKZI JOG RVNYESLSE S RVNYESTSE Az illzik lerombolsa: vagy a belso jog sem jog, vagy a nemzetkzi jog is az. Forrs: http://crimestat.b-m.hu/ErubsElozetes.aspx?BMSTAT=Adatok ISMERTT VLT BUNCSELEKMNYEK 2006: 425941 100,0 2007: 426914 100,0 100,2 Ismertt vlt elkvetok 2006: 129991 100,0 2007: 121561 100,0 93,5 Eredmnyes s eredmnytelen nyomozsok sszesen 2006: 398432 2007393104 98,7 Ebbol: Eredmnyes 2006: 221600 2007: 213534 96,4 - eredmnytelen 2006. 176832 2007: 179570 101,5 Nyomozseredmnyessgi mutat 55,6 % 54,3 %Forrs: http://crimestat.b-m.hu/ErubsElozetes.aspx?BMSTAT=Adatok ISMERTT VLT BUNCSELEKMNYEK 2006: 425941 100,0 2007: 426914 100,0 100,2 Ismertt vlt elkvetok 2006: 129991 100,0 2007: 121561 100,0 93,5 Eredmnyes s eredmnytelen nyomozsok sszesen 2006: 398432 2007393104 98,7 Ebbol: Eredmnyes 2006: 221600 2007: 213534 96,4 - eredmnytelen 2006. 176832 2007: 179570 101,5 Nyomozseredmnyessgi mutat 55,6 % 54,3 %

    3. AZ ENSZ Nemzetkzi Jogi Bizottsga, 2001

    4. A Kzgyuls 56/83. sz hatrozata az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossgrol (2002. janur 28.) A Kzgyuls 3. Tudomsul veszi a Nemzetkzi Jogi Bizottsg ltal beterjesztett, az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossgrol szl tervezetet, amelynek szvege e hatrozat fggelke, s a kormnyok figyelmbe ajnlja azt, anlkl, hogy ez eldnten azt a krdst, a jvoben elfogadjk-e a tervezetet vagy ms megfelelo lpst tesznek. 4. Elhatrozza, hogy az tvenkilencedik lsszak ideiglenes napirendjre vesz egy tmt az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossge cmmel.

    5. A Kzgyuls 59/35. sz hatrozata az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossgrol Ismt a kormnyok figyelmbe ajnlja az (2004. december 16.) llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossgre vonatkoz cikkelyeket, anlkl, hogy ez eldnten azt a krdst, a jvoben elfogadjk-e a tervezetet vagy ms megfelelo lpst tesznek A Fotitkr tjn felkri a kormnyokat, hogy rsban fejtsk ki, mi a teendo a felelossgi cikkekkel sszegyujteti a nemzetkzi brsgok s egyb tlkezo testletek azon dntseit, amelyekben a tervezetre hivatkoznak Elhatrozza, hogy a hatvankettedik lsszak ideiglenes napirendjre vesz egy tmt az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossge cmmel.

    6. Vita 2007-ben Fejlodok: (s Franciaorszg, Portuglia) egyezmnyt prtolnak Legtbb fejlett llam: maradjon az, ami Mr. BROWN ( United Kingdom) said the text of the articles in their entirety had not been wholly satisfactory to every State. Nevertheless, States had accepted them in their current form. At present, many of the articles reflected an authoritative statement of international law and had been referred to by international courts and tribunals, writers and, more recently, domestic courts. It was difficult to see what would be gained by the adoption of a convention. He said the United Kingdom considered there was a real risk that, in moving towards that goal, old issues might be reopened, and a convention with a small number of participants might serve to undermine the current status the articles had achieved. His delegation considered that it would be sensible and appropriate to take no further action on the articles, leaving them to exert a growing influence through State practice and jurisprudence. (VI. Bizottsg vitinak sszefoglalja, 2007- oktber 23), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gal3325.doc.htm ) LUIS S. TAVARES ( Portugal) said his country felt that, after 60 years since the Law Commission embarked on one of its most important topics, the time was ripe for a decision on the future of the draft articles. The draft articles on State responsibility should constitute the third pillar in the international legal order, after the United Nations Charter, and after the Law of Treaties codified in the 1969 Vienna Convention. They were all the consequences of internationally wrongful acts. Portugal considered that the Sixth Committee should carry on the task of adopting the articles as a binding international convention. To better reflect on the issue, his country believed in the establishment of an ad hoc committee by the current General Assembly with a mandate to discuss the issue further, including the possibility of elaborating the articles as an international convention. Ms. ZABOLOSTKAYA ( Russian Federation) praised the Secretary-Generals reports for their compilation of decisions of international courts, tribunals and other bodies. She said her delegation favoured the elaboration of the draft articles into a convention. The General Assembly decision to defer action on the future of the draft articles was no reason for further postponement. Dealing with some of the provisions, she said that countermeasures constituted an important aspect of implementation of State responsibility. She also expressed doubts about the decision of States to invoke extreme measures when their interests were affected. Nevertheless, she said, there were a number of positive aspects. The approach of the International Law Commission had been successful in the production of a balanced document. In her view, further thought should be given to the consequences of serious violations of international law.LUIS S. TAVARES ( Portugal) said his country felt that, after 60 years since the Law Commission embarked on one of its most important topics, the time was ripe for a decision on the future of the draft articles. The draft articles on State responsibility should constitute the third pillar in the international legal order, after the United Nations Charter, and after the Law of Treaties codified in the 1969 Vienna Convention. They were all the consequences of internationally wrongful acts. Portugal considered that the Sixth Committee should carry on the task of adopting the articles as a binding international convention. To better reflect on the issue, his country believed in the establishment of an ad hoc committee by the current General Assembly with a mandate to discuss the issue further, including the possibility of elaborating the articles as an international convention. Ms. ZABOLOSTKAYA ( Russian Federation) praised the Secretary-Generals reports for their compilation of decisions of international courts, tribunals and other bodies. She said her delegation favoured the elaboration of the draft articles into a convention. The General Assembly decision to defer action on the future of the draft articles was no reason for further postponement. Dealing with some of the provisions, she said that countermeasures constituted an important aspect of implementation of State responsibility. She also expressed doubts about the decision of States to invoke extreme measures when their interests were affected. Nevertheless, she said, there were a number of positive aspects. The approach of the International Law Commission had been successful in the production of a balanced document. In her view, further thought should be given to the consequences of serious violations of international law.

    7. Az ENSZ Kzgyulsnek 62/61 sz. hatrozata (2008. janur 8.) Dj vu? Ismt a kormnyok figyelmbe ajnlja az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossgre vonatkoz cikkelyeket, anlkl, hogy ez eldnten azt a krdst, a jvoben elfogadjk-e a tervezetet vagy ms megfelelo lpst tesznek A Fotitkr tjn felkri a kormnyokat, hogy rsban fejtsk ki, mi a teendo a felelossgi cikkekkel Felkri a Fotitkrt, hogy tegye naprakssz a nemzetkzi brsgok s egyb tlkezo testletek azon dntseinek 2004-re elkszlt gyujtemnyt, amelyekben a tervezetre hivatkoznak Elhatrozza, hogy a hatvantdik lsszak (2010 osz) ideiglenes napirendjre vesz egy tmt az llamok nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedeteirt fennll felelossge cmmel.

    8. Kt tovbbi felelossg tma: A nemzetkzi jogban nem tiltott magatartssal okozott krokrt val helytlls (liability) - 1978 ta - 1992-ben ktfel vlasztottk (megelozs kvetkezmnyek) szuktettk A veszlyes tevkenysgekbol eredo hatron tli srelem megelozse (tervezet-cikkelyek): 2001 ld. Olvasknyv, 539. old A veszlyes tevkenysgekbol eredo hatron tli srelem esetn eloll helytllsi ktelezettsg (liability), azaz a krtalantsi ktelezettsg allokcijnak elvei 2002-2006 (ld. 61/36 KGY hatrozat mellklete) A/62/452 KGy hatrozat (2007) nem dnt sorsukrl a Nemzetkzi Jogi Bizottsg az elsobol szerzodst akar, a msodikbl nem. A nemzetkzi szervezetek felelossge 2002: Giorgio Gaia rapporteur, 2003 elso jelents, 2008: hetedik jelents: 64 cikk a Bizottsg elott , a mu mg kszl. GA res 61/36. Allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities Noting that the Commission decided to recommend to the General Assembly that it endorse the draft principles by a resolution and urge States to take national and international action to implement them, Principle 4 Prompt and adequate compensation 1. Each State should take all necessary measures to ensure that prompt and adequate compensation is available for victims of transboundary damage caused by hazardous activities located within its territory or otherwise under its jurisdiction or control. 2. These measures should include the imposition of liability on the operator or, where appropriate, other person or entity. Such liability should not require proof of fault. Any conditions, limitations or exceptions to such liability shall be consistent with draft principle 3. 3. These measures should also include the requirement on the operator or, where appropriate, other person or entity, to establish and maintain financial security such as insurance, bonds or other financial guarantees to cover claims of compensation. 4. In appropriate cases, these measures should include the requirement for the establishment of industry-wide funds at the national level. 5. In the event that the measures under the preceding paragraphs are insufficient to provide adequate compensation, the State of origin should also ensure that additional financial resources are made available. Principle 5 Response measures Upon the occurrence of an incident involving a hazardous activity which results or is likely to result in transboundary damage: (a) the State of origin shall promptly notify all States affected or likely to be affected of the incident and the possible effects of the transboundary damage; (b) the State of origin, with the appropriate involvement of the operator, shall ensure that appropriate response measures are taken and should, for this purpose, rely upon the best available scientific data and technology; (c) the State of origin, as appropriate, should also consult with and seek the cooperation of all States affected or likely to be affected to mitigate the effects of transboundary damage and if possible eliminate them; (d) the States affected or likely to be affected by the transboundary damage shall take all feasible measures to mitigate and if possible to eliminate the effects of such damage; (e) the States concerned should, where appropriate, seek the assistance of competent international organizations and other States on mutually acceptable terms and conditions. ____________________________________________________ Vita ILC-ben legyen-e countermeasure szervezet esetn s BT szankcik countermeasure-k-e GA res 61/36. Allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities Noting that the Commission decided to recommend to the General Assembly that it endorse the draft principles by a resolution and urge States to take national and international action to implement them, Principle 4 Prompt and adequate compensation 1. Each State should take all necessary measures to ensure that prompt and adequate compensation is available for victims of transboundary damage caused by hazardous activities located within its territory or otherwise under its jurisdiction or control. 2. These measures should include the imposition of liability on the operator or, where appropriate, other person or entity. Such liability should not require proof of fault. Any conditions, limitations or exceptions to such liability shall be consistent with draft principle 3. 3. These measures should also include the requirement on the operator or, where appropriate, other person or entity, to establish and maintain financial security such as insurance, bonds or other financial guarantees to cover claims of compensation. 4. In appropriate cases, these measures should include the requirement for the establishment of industry-wide funds at the national level. 5. In the event that the measures under the preceding paragraphs are insufficient to provide adequate compensation, the State of origin should also ensure that additional financial resources are made available. Principle 5 Response measures Upon the occurrence of an incident involving a hazardous activity which results or is likely to result in transboundary damage: (a) the State of origin shall promptly notify all States affected or likely to be affected of the incident and the possible effects of the transboundary damage; (b) the State of origin, with the appropriate involvement of the operator, shall ensure that appropriate response measures are taken and should, for this purpose, rely upon the best available scientific data and technology; (c) the State of origin, as appropriate, should also consult with and seek the cooperation of all States affected or likely to be affected to mitigate the effects of transboundary damage and if possible eliminate them; (d) the States affected or likely to be affected by the transboundary damage shall take all feasible measures to mitigate and if possible to eliminate the effects of such damage; (e) the States concerned should, where appropriate, seek the assistance of competent international organizations and other States on mutually acceptable terms and conditions. ____________________________________________________ Vita ILC-ben legyen-e countermeasure szervezet esetn s BT szankcik countermeasure-k-e

    9. A FELELOSSG TERVEZET SZERKEZETE I. RSZ A NEMZETKZI JOGI FELELOSSG KELETKEZSE II. RSZ A NEMZETKZI LLAMFELELOSSG TARTALMA III. RSZ AZ LLAM NEMZETKZI FELELOSSGNEK ALKALMAZSA IV. RSZ LTALNOS RENDELKEZSEK A teljes tervezet olvashat magyarul : Nagy B. Jeney P. (szerk): Nemzetkzi Jogi Olvasknyv, Osiris, Budapest. 2002, 527 538.o.

    10. A FELELOSSG SZERKEZETE BENNE: ELSO RSZ: A FELELOSSG KELETKEZSE

    11. A felelossg szerkezete I

    12. A feleossg szerkezete II.-

    13. A NEMZETKZI JOG RVNYESLSE S RVNYESTSE ILC felelossg tervezet, 2001 25. cikk Szksghelyzet 1. Az llam nem hivatkozhat szksghelyzetre, mint valamely nemzetkzi ktelezettsgvel sszhangban nem ll cselekedet jogellenessgt kizr okra, kivve, ha ez a cselekedet: (a) az adott llam egyetlen eszkze arra, hogy valamely lnyegbevg rdekt slyos s kszbn ll veszlytol megvja, s (b) a cselekedet nem csorbtja komolyan azon llamnak, vagy llamoknak a lnyegbevg rdekeit, amelyekkel szemben a ktelezettsg fennll, illetve a nemzetkzi kzssg mint egsz rdekeit. 2. Szksghelyzetre, mint jogellenessget kizr okra az llam semmilyen esetben nem hivatkozhat, ha: (a) a szban forg nemzetkzi jogi ktelezettsg kizrja a szksghelyzetre hivatkozst, vagy (b) az llam kzrehatott a szksghelyzet bekvetkeztben.

    14. MSODIK RSZ A NEMZETKZI LLAMFELELOSSG TARTALMA - I. Alapelvek 28. cikk A nemzetkzi jogsrts jogkvetkezmnyei Az llam nemzetkzi jogi felelossge, amivel az Elso Rsz rendelkezsei szerinti nemzetkzi jogsrts jr, az ebben a rszben megllaptott jogkvetkezmnyeket vonja maga utn. 29. cikk A teljests folyamatos ktelessge A nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedet e rsz szerinti kvetkezmnyei nem hatnak ki a felelos llam azon folyamatos ktelessgre, hogy teljestse a megszegett ktelezettsget.

    15. A FELELOSSG TARTALMA 30. cikk Abbahagys s meg-nem ismtls A nemzetkzi jogsrto cselekedetrt felelos llam kteles: (a) abbahagyni a cselekedetet, ha az folytatd; (b) A meg-nem-ismtlsre vonatkoz megfelelo biztostkokat s garancikat felajnlani. 31. cikk Jvttel 1. A felelos llam kteles teljesen jvtenni a nemzetkzi jogsrtssel okozott srelmet. 2. A srelem magba foglal mindenfajta krt, anyagit s erklcsit egyarnt, amit az llam nemzetkzi jogsrtse okozott.

    16. A FELELOSSG TARTALMA II. A srelem jvttele 34. Cikk A jvttel formi A nemzetkzi jogsrtssel okozott srelem teljes jvttele helyrelltsbl, krtrtsbol s elgttelbol ll, ezek egyikbol, vagy kombincijukbl, sszhangban ennek a fejezetnek a rendelkezseivel. 35. cikk. Helyrellts A nemzetkzi jogsrtsrt felelos llam kteles a helyrelltsra, azaz a jogsrto cselekedet elott fennllt helyzet visszalltsra, amennyiben s amilyen mrtkben a helyrellts: (a) fizikailag nem lehetetlen; (b) nem jr teljesen arnytalan teherrel ahhoz az elonyhz kpest, ami a helyrelltsbl fakad, szemben a krtrtssel.

    17. A FELELOSSG TARTALMA 36. cikk Krtrts 1. A nemzetkzi jogsrtsrt felelos llam kteles a jogsrtssel okozott kr megtrtsre, amennyiben a krt nem teszik jv helyrellts rvn. 2. A krtrtsnek fedeznie kell brmely anyagilag felbecslheto krt, belertve az elveszett hasznot, ha azt megllaptjk. 37. cikk Elgttel 1. A nemzetkzi jogsrtsrt felelos llam kteles elgttelt adni a jogsrtssel okozott srelemrt, amennyiben amennyiben a srelmet nem teszik jv helyrellts vagy krtrts rvn. 2. Az elgttel llhat a ktelezettsgszegs elismersbol, sajnlkozs kifejezsbol, formlis bocsnatkrsbol vagy adhat ms alkalmas mdon. 3. Az elgttel nem lehet arnytalan a srelemhez kpest s nem lthet a felelos llamot megalz alakot.

    18. III. RSZ: A FELELOSSG RVNYESTSE A srtett llam A felelossgi igny Az ellenintzkedsek

    19. A SRTETT LLAM (42.CIKK) A srtett llam lehet a ktelezettsg ltal kzvetlenl jogostott llam; vagy valamely llamcsoport tagja, vagy egyszeruen a nemzetkzi kzssg tagja ha az llamcsoportal szemben elkvetett ktelezettsgszegs az adott llamot klnsen rinti, vagy a ktelezettsgszegs termszete olyan, hogy az sszes jogostott helyzete radiklisan megvltozik a tovbbi teljestst illetoen A 42 cikk ben az llamcsoport tagja is srtett, teht az sszes jogkvetkezmnyt felhvhatja. For example a case of pollution of the high seas in breach of article 194 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea may particularly impact on one or several States whose beaches may be polluted by toxic residues or whose coastal fisheries may be closed. A 48 cikk szerintiek nem srtettek csak kollektv jogot rvnyestenek. (ld pl. kommentr 319.old)A 42 cikk ben az llamcsoport tagja is srtett, teht az sszes jogkvetkezmnyt felhvhatja. For example a case of pollution of the high seas in breach of article 194 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea may particularly impact on one or several States whose beaches may be polluted by toxic residues or whose coastal fisheries may be closed. A 48 cikk szerintiek nem srtettek csak kollektv jogot rvnyestenek. (ld pl. kommentr 319.old)

    20. A FELELOSSG FELHVSA NEM A SRTETT LLAM LTAL (48. CIKK) - ERGA OMNES KTELEZETTSGEK A srtett llam mellett brmely nem srtett (de rdekelt) llam is felhvhatja a jogsrto felelossgt, ha a megszegett ktelezettsg az llamok egy csoportjnak az rdekt szolglta s a felhv llam a csoport tagja, A nemzetkzi kzssggel, mint egsszel szemben ll fenn. Obligations coming within the scope of subparagraph (1) (a) have to be .collective obligations., i.e. they must apply between a group of States and have been established in some collective interest.764 They might concern, for example, the environment or security of a region (e.g. a regional nuclear free zone treaty or a regional system for the protection of human rights). Obligations coming within the scope of subparagraph (1) (a) have to be .collective obligations., i.e. they must apply between a group of States and have been established in some collective interest.764 They might concern, for example, the environment or security of a region (e.g. a regional nuclear free zone treaty or a regional system for the protection of human rights).

    21. A FELELOSSGI IGNY A srtett llam Az egyb jogostott ignye abbahagys s meg nem ua. ismtls tovbbi teljests ua. helyrellts, krtrts, NINCS elgttel

    22. A FELELOSSGI IGNY KORLTAI: Az ignyt az ignyek honossgra vonatkoz szablyok szerint kell beterjeszteni Az ignyrvnyests elott ki kell merteni a helyi jogorvoslati lehetosgeket, ha azok hozzfrhetoek s hatkonyak (rdemiek.) Ha a srtett llam rvnyesen lemondott az ignyrol, utbb nem rvnyestheti. A srtett rutal magatartsbl kvetkezik, hogy belenyugodott az igny elenyszsbe (elvlsbe).

    23. A BUNTETT HELYBE LPETT RENDELKEZSEK: A JUS COGENS SLYOS (NAGYMRTKU VAGY RENDSZERES) MEGSRTSE ESETN IRNYAD SZABLYOK (40-41. CIKK) Az llamoknak egytt kell mukdnik abban, hogy jogszeru eszkzkkel vget vessenek a slyos jogsrtsnek Nem ismerhetik el jogszerunek a jogsrtssel ltrejtt helyzetet s nem nyjthatnak segtsget a fenntartshoz (Emellett a felelossg ltalnos szablyai is alkalmazandak.)

    24. ELLENINTZKEDSEK: Cl: a teljests elrse Eszkz: a jogsrtovel szembeni ktelezettsg idoleges nem-teljestse Korltok: Anyagi jogiak: Az ENSZ Alapokmnyval ellenttes eroszak tilos emberi jogokra vonatkoz ktelezettsgek a represszlia humanitrius jogi korltai jus cogens

    25. AZ ELLENINTZKEDS (KORLTAI) FOLYT. Eljrsiak arnyossg csak elozetes rtests utn, cak a jogsrto magatarts abbahagysig. Nem alkalmazhatak, ha ktelezo dntst hoz bri frum elott van az gy

    26. IV: RSZ: LTALNOS RENDELKEZSEK A tervezet alrendelt a specilis felelossg-rvnyesto mechanizmusoknak A tervezet nem szl a nemzetkzi szervezetek felelossgrol az egynek (pl. hbors bunsk) felelossgrol

    27. KSZNM A FIGYELMKET! Nagy Boldizsr ELTE JK Nemzetkzi Jogi Tanszk Tel.: 411- 6532 Drtposta: nagyboldi@ajk.elte.hu

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