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The European Age of Exploration

Discover the European Age of Exploration, with causes like the Crusades and rise of nation-states leading to exploration for empires and trade. Learn about key explorers from Portugal, Spain, and other nations who navigated new routes and established colonies. The Conquistadores from Spain conquered empires in the New World, while the Treaty of Tordesillas divided territories between Portugal and Spain. Explore the impact of cartography and the roles of other European nations like the Dutch, French, and English in this era of maritime exploration.

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The European Age of Exploration

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  1. The European Age of Exploration “Old Imperialism” and The Birth of the Global Economy

  2. Causes for Exploration: Christian Crusaders in 11th to 13th centuries created European interest in Asia and Middle East Desire to spread Christian religion; Francis Xavier Catholic missionary in 16th c. Rise of nation states (“New Monarchs”) resulted in competition for empires and trade. Portugal and Spain sought to break the Italian (Venetian) monopoly on trade with Asia. Ottoman Turks restricted trade to Asia after conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

  3. Causes for Exploration: Technology facilitated sea travel: astrolabe, better maps ·  Commercial revolution resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration ·  Mongol domination of central Asia disrupted flow of goods over the Silk Road routes. ·  Impact of Renaissance: search for knowledge, adventurism, monopoly of Italian trade with East

  4. Portugal: Explorers • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460): financed exploration, established schools • Bartholomew Diaz (1450-1500): rounded southern tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama (1469-1525): route to India

  5. Portugal: Explorers • Alphonso d’Albuquerque (1453-1515): established empire in Spice Islands after 1510 • Pedro Cabral (1467-1520): sighted Brazil, defeated Arabs in Indian Ocean • Amerigo Vespucci: “America” named after him

  6. Spain: Explorers • Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) – pursuing western route to Asia • Bartholomew de las Casas (1474-1566) – writings helped spread “black legend” (mistreatment of natives) The Destruction of the India 1542 ·Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517): cross the Isthmus of Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean ·Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521): circumnavigation of the globe

  7. Spain: Conquistadores: began creating empires by conquering Indians • Hernando Cortès (1485-1547): Aztecs • Francisco Pizzaro (1478-1541): Incas • Mestizos: mixed white and Indian descent • Creoles: American-born Spaniards • Audencias: Board of 12 to 15 judges served as advisor to viceroy and highest judicial body. • Encomienda: Indians worked for owner certain # days per week; retained other parcels to work for themselves.

  8. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Line of Demarcation established by Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard) in 1493 between Portuguese and Spanish territories. • Renegotiated by King John II of Portugal and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to be moved 270 leagues further west. • Establish Spanish domination in the New World and Portuguese domination in Asia for the next century

  9. Cartography • Martin Behaim (1459-1507) and Schoner • Martin Waldseemuller – created map in 1507 based on Amerigo Vespuci’s voyages – gave name “America”

  10. The Netherlands • Establishment of Dutch East India Co. • Expansion in Asia (specifically Indonesia and South Africa… replaced Portuguese) • Henry Hudson explores North America • Establishment of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.

  11. France • Giovanni da Verrazano (1480-1527): explored northern Atlantic coast of modern-day U.S. • Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): search for Northwest Passage (explored Canada) • Samuel de Champlain: “Father of New France”

  12. England • John (1425-1500) and Sebastian (1474-1557) Cabot: explored northeast coat of N. America • Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596): led English “sea dogs” against Spanish shipping • Sir Martin Frobisher (1535-1594): northeastern Canadian coast • Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), Roanoke Settlement

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