1 / 13

Bioethics: Issues and Concerns Prof. Monique Frize, ELG5123/94.526

Bioethics: Issues and Concerns Prof. Monique Frize, ELG5123/94.526. Definitions: Morality and ethics Codes and oaths Some current dilemmas Problems in measuring a living system Human experimentation and consent Universality in research and health services? . Definition.

PamelaLan
Télécharger la présentation

Bioethics: Issues and Concerns Prof. Monique Frize, ELG5123/94.526

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Bioethics: Issues and ConcernsProf. Monique Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Definitions: Morality and ethics Codes and oaths Some current dilemmas Problems in measuring a living system Human experimentation and consent Universality in research and health services? M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  2. Definition • Morality: What people believe to be right and good, and the reasons for it • Ethics: Study of right and wrong; of good and evil (in human conduct) • Greek: ethos = custom • Latin: mos/mores = morals M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  3. Ethical principles • From ethical theories • From codes of ethics (nurses, engineers, physicians, etc…) Code for physicians (Hypocratic oath) Helsinki Declaration Tri-Council principles for research on humans Hypocratic Oath M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  4. Some realities today... • Assisted suicide is now legal in Oregon • A sheep has been cloned. (A human?) • Many people try alternative medicines and therapies We need to learn ethical decision-making. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  5. Examples of difficult questions • Should badly deformed infants be kept alive? • When should a particular pregnancy be terminated? • Should treatment cease to allow a terminally ill (and suffering) patient to die? • How do you define death? • Organ transplants; human and animal experimentation How decisions are made is the ethical problem- solving M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  6. What is involved... • Quality of life • Heroic efforts • Acts of mercy • Patient’s (guardian’s) will Future? ... M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  7. Definition of death • Absence of breathing (earliest); • absence of the beating of the heart (later); no reflexes; • absence of a vital functioning brain (now, add EEG) • Repeat after 24 hours--no change (Valid in absence of hypothermia or barbiturates) M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  8. Major issues in measuring living systems (human experimentation) 1. Inaccessibility of variables to measure 2. Variability of data 3. Lack of knowledge about inter-relationships 4. Inter-action among physiological systems 5. Effect of the transducer on the measurement M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  9. Some of the basic principles • Must have research protocol approved by an Ethics Review Committee • Conform to generally accepted scientific principles and based on solid previous evidence (lab, animal,…) • Must have the safety of the subjects in mind at all times (may need a physician present) • Importance of the objective is in proportion to inherent risk to subjects • Inform subject thoroughly and have a consent form signed • Preserve confidentiality and privacy of subjects M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  10. Elements of informed consent • Autononous choice, competence • Information disclosure • Understanding • Voluntariness M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  11. Material for decision-making • Purpose of experiment • Benefits expected • Diagnostic or therapeutic? • Elective or essential? • Known consequences? • Probable and possible risks • Alternative treatments and risks • Possible consequences of refusing M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  12. Gender equality? Not yet... • Many research experiments carried out on men only (iron loading, coffee and heart, etc..) • More angiograms and other expensive tests done on men than on women for equal risk • Higher proportion of women die after heart attack than men • Research dollars controlled by male-dominated committees and COUNCILS M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

  13. Sources • http://www.apnet.com/ethics/etharts.htm • http://wwwgeorgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/ • http://www.learner.org/exhibits/medicalethics/ • http://www.uwc.edu/fonddulac/faculty/rrigteri/biomed.htm • http://www.onlineethics.com/text/reseth/helsinki.html • http://summit.whitaker.org/white/ethics1.html M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526

More Related