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TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE Computer Hardware TG1.1 Introduction Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system. Hardware consists of: Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage Secondary storage

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TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE

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  1. TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE Computer Hardware

  2. TG1.1 Introduction Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system.

  3. Hardware consists of: • Central processing unit (CPU) • Primary storage • Secondary storage • Input technologies • Output technologies • Communication technologies

  4. TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit • Central processing unit (CPU)performs the actual computation or “number crunching” inside any computer. • Microprocessor • Control unit • Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) • Registers

  5. Central Processing Unit (CPU) (continued)

  6. How the CPU Works (continued) See this view from Intel of how a chip works

  7. Advances in Microprocessor Design Moore’s Law: microprocessor complexity would double every two years.

  8. The Evolution of Chips For a look at the evolution of chips from the Intel 4004 to multicore chips, click here.

  9. Evolution of Computer Power/Cost

  10. TG1.3 Computer Memory Two basic categories of computer memory: • Primary Storage • Secondary Storage

  11. Memory Capacity • Bit • Byte In this picture, one byte, 01001000, represents the letter H

  12. Hierarchy of Memory Capacity • Kilobyte • Megabyte • Gigabyte • Terabyte • Petabyte • Exabyte • Zettabyte

  13. Primary Storage • Primary storageor main memorystores three types of information for very brief periods of time: • Data to be processed by the CPU; • Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data; • Operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computer’s operation. • Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on the computer’s main circuit board, called the motherboard.

  14. Main Types of Primary Storage • Registers • Random access memory (RAM) • Cache memory • Read-only memory (ROM)

  15. Internal workings of personal computer Hard disk drive CPU board with fan Floppy disk drive RAM

  16. Primary versus Secondary Memory

  17. Secondary Storage Memory capacity that can store very large amounts of data for extended periods of time. • Magnetic tape (sequential access) • Magnetic disks (direct access)

  18. Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape reel Magnetic tape cartridge

  19. Hard Drive (Magnetic Disks)

  20. Optical Storage Devices • Optical storage devices: A form of secondary storage in which a laser reads the surface of a reflective plastic platter. • Compact Disk, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) • Digital Video Disk (DVD)

  21. Flash Memory Devices

  22. Thumb Drive

  23. Enterprise Storage Systems • Enterprise storage system: An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two or more storage devices. • Three types of enterprise storage: • Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) • Storage Area Network (SAN) • Network Attached Storage (NAS)

  24. Evolution of Man and Storage

  25. TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy • Supercomputers • Mainframe Computers • Midrange Computers • Workstations • Notebooks and Desktop Computers • Ultra-mobile PCs • Computing devices

  26. NASA Supercomputer

  27. Mainframes and Mid-range computers IBM iSeries midrange computer IBM System Z mainframe

  28. TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies • Input technologiesallow people and other technologies to put data into a computer. The two main types of input devices are: • human data-entrydevices include keyboards, mouse, trackball, joystick, touchscreen, stylus and voice recognition; • source-data automationdevices input data with minimal human intervention (e.g. barcode reader). • Speed up data collection; • Reduce errors; • Gather data at the source of a transaction or other event.

  29. Input and Output Technologies (continued) • Output generated by a computer can be transmitted to the user over several output devices and media, which include: • Monitors • Printers • Plotters • Voice

  30. We’ve come a long way! Keypunch machine Punch card

  31. The First Mouse A very early (if not the first) mouse demonstration in 1968.

  32. Microsoft Seadragon Microsoft Seadragon is a very interesting interface. See a demonstration here.

  33. The Multitouch Screen Jeff Han presents the multitouch screen at the TED talks.

  34. Microsoft Surface Computing Microsoft Surface Computing offers a new interface for users. This technology is also called the Microsoft “coffee table.” Demo Another look at Microsoft Surface Computing Demo

  35. Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard

  36. The Maltron Keyboard

  37. Multimedia Authoring System

  38. TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization • Server Farms • Virtualization • Grid computing • Utility computing • Edge Computing • Autonomic Computing • Nanotechnology (see these slides)

  39. TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues • How do organizations keep up with the rapid price and performance advancements in hardware? • How often should an organization upgrade its computers and storage systems? • Will upgrades increase personal and organizational productivity? • How can organizations measure such increase? • How do organizations manage telecommuting?

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