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Basic medical terminology

Basic medical terminology. autumn 201 6. Study materials. Prucklová, R. – Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek Terminology in Medicine . Praha: KLP, 2012 (Unit 1-7)

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Basic medical terminology

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  1. Basic medical terminology autumn2016

  2. Study materials • Prucklová, R. – Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek Terminology in Medicine. Praha: KLP, 2012 (Unit 1-7) • Teachers’ own materials (e.g. hand-outs, presentations, activity cards) which are going to be periodically uploaded on the IS in Study materials of your subject. • "Drill"on the IS (https://is.muni.cz/auth/dril/?lang=en)

  3. Testing • Two partial exams • each successfully written partial test (over 60 %) means that you get bonus 5 % for your final exam) • Credit test • 60% required if you were not successful in any of the partial tests • 55% required if you were successful in ONE of the partial tests • 50% required if you were successful in BOTH partial tests

  4. Testing • All students are sitting all their tests in his/her group only. • Students can sit the credit test during the 15th week of the semester (January 2-6, 2017. • Resits of the credit test will take place only during the exam period, i. e. January, 9 – February 17, 2017. • The number of possible credit test resits is two. • The dates and number of resits set by the teacher before the exam period is final, it means no other dates will be added during the exam period or later.

  5. Testing • Results of the tests will be available to students in the Notebook on the IS. • The student’s results will be given in percentage together with the pass mark. • The student will have the access to his/her tests during his/her teacher’s office hours or by prior e-mail arrangement.

  6. Attendance • Absencesare going to be electronically registered in the IS. In order to be sure you have been registered as present in the class, be punctual, the attendance is always checked immediately after the beginning of the class. • We can tolerate ONE unexcused absence only; all further absences have to be properly excused by the Study Department. • Unexcused absences are regularly recorded in the Notebook on the IS, and students having these records cannot sit the credit test. • The student may substitute a class only by a special appointment agreed with a teacher. • The substitution is not possible in the week for which a partial test or the credit test has been planned.

  7. Course objectives • To familiarize with basic medical terminology • To understand rules of creating Latin terms and to understand meaning of particular terms based on: • Morphological analysis • Syntactical analysis • To create correct Latin terms (both from anatomical and clinical terminology) • To understand basics of pharmacological Latin • To master the vocabulary in a systematic way

  8. Latin in medical terminology • Definite set of terms that name the parts and structures of the human body • First worldwide official standard terminology appeared 1895 (BasiliensiaNominaAnatomica) since then it was periodically updated and changed to implement new findings and/or understanding of the anatomical structures • Current terminology is approved by FCAT (Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology) and published in 1998 as TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA (cf. http://www.unifr.ch)

  9. Anatomical structures Musculusdeltoideus Musculuspectoralismajor Musculiobliquiabdominis Musculusbicepsbrachii Musculusflexorcarpi Musculusrectusabdominis Musculusquadriceps femoris Musculiadductores m. adductorlongus m. adductorbrevis

  10. Latin in the clinical terminology • Non-definite set of terms that names diseases, health conditions or causes of death • First authoritative list of diseases and causes of death 1868 (Nomenclature of diseases), 1893 Bertillon's classification of diseases • Current terminology ICD-10 (International ClassificationofDiseases) is approved by WHO and published every ± 10 years (www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) • Widely used in medical documentation e.g. medical reports, surgical and hospital reports, pathological reports (central Europe, Russia and former republics of USSR, partly Western Europe - Germany, Austria)

  11. Diagnose ICD Fracture of upper end of humerus : S 42. 2 (http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10)

  12. Latin in the pharmacologic terminology • Definite set of terms used in European Pharmacopoea (current version is 8th ed.) to name: • essential medicines (acidumphosphoricum) • classes of medicines (antipyretica, spasmolytica) • forms of medicines (solutio, injectio, tabuletta) • drugs (calendulaofficinalis) • Prescriptions • main part of the prescription including name and quantity of the medicine as well as the way of its administration is usually written in Latin, using system of routine abbreviations

  13. Latin medical terminology • Manyancientterms are based on metaphors and similes, i.e. they are formed from words of nonmedical origin: Animals , Lettersofalphabet, Musicalinstruments, Householdutensils, Militaryobjects, Agriculturaltools/products.... • Eg.: bifurcatio = bifurcation 1. a division into two branches. 2. the point at which division intotwo branches occurs. Furca = a two-pronged fork bifurcatio tracheae

  14. Word parts, combinig formsand rules of word-building card-i-a card-i-acus card-i-alis peri-card-ium endo-card-ium myo-card-ium card-itis peri-card-itis card-i-o-logia card-i-o-graphia card-i-o-my-o-pathia root suffix prefix combining element

  15. At the end of the course, you will be able to: • understand the system in the terminology of anatomical structures ( = easier memorizing of the terms) • understand the principles of forming more complex terms • understand a clinical diagnose • write your own clinical diagnose • write a medical prescription

  16. Latin pronunciation

  17. Vowels Vowels Long Short Ā (father) frāctūraA(cut) lingua Ē (sad) artēriaE(met) vertebra Ī (intrigue) spīnaI (intrigue) digitus I (yes) > J Ō (door) sensōriusO(on) skeleton Ū (boom) ruptūraU (put) uterus Y (analysis) hypophysis Y(lady) tympanum Diphtongs AE=Ē(care) anaemia OE=Ē(care) lagoena Greekwords OE (o-e) dyspnoe EU(e-u) euthanasia

  18. Read aloud • hypnosis • ala • olla • eupnoe • ileus • mucus • haematoma • iliacus • ossa • diploe • cubitus • venae • diameter • sacralis • ulcus • iris • sutura • sigmoideus • depressor • area • oesophagus • melior • meatus • leucocytus

  19. Consonants

  20. Consonants II

  21. Consonants III

  22. Read aloud • cancer, medicamentum, lingua • thorax, pulsus, contusio • corpus, exitus, functio • hemispherium, angulus, fractura • intestinum, aqua, pharmacon • oedema, musculus, defectus • medicus, operatio, infarctus • homo, bronchus, duodenum • angina, haemorrhagia, spasmus • encephalon, bacterium, acne • migraena, pharynx, dysenteria • inflammatio, leucaemia, virus • laparoscopia, typhus, organismus • therapia, digitus, gingiva • gangraena, diagnosis, tonsilla • injectio, lympha, oxygenium • vademecum, insufficientia, chirurgia

  23. Grammatical categories

  24. What will you find in the dictionary? • Englishwords are presented in one single form • !!!Latin words are presented in threeforms!!! • E.g.: MUSCULUS, I, M. = MUSCLE OS, OSSIS, N. = BONE Englishtranslation Genitive ending/or even full Genitive form Main form (full nominative) Gender abbreviation !CAUTION! ALL THREE FORMS are EQUALLY important for the future ability to use the noun in the context.

  25. Gender • There are threegenders in Latin • Masculine (e.g. nervus) • Feminine (e.g. vena) • Neutral (e. g. cerebrum) • Thereisnothing, whichcouldindicatethe gender to you YOU HAVE TO LEARN IT BY HEART

  26. Genitive ending => Declension • Declensions are groups of nouns (or adjectives) using the same set of suffixes (=endings) • There are 5 declensions in Latin

  27. Genitive ending = stem of a word • A stem is a form to which affixes (endings) can be attached • In some declensions (1st, 4th, 5th, and in majority of cases also 2nd) the nominative and genitive forms of the word have identical stem • In some declensions (3rd, partially 2nd) word’s stem can greatly different • In Latin we need to remove the genitive ending in order to gain the genitive stem dol-or dolor-is corp-us corpor-is de-ns dent-is ven-a ven-ae humer-us humer-i diamet-er diametr-i arc-us arc-us gen-u gen-us faci-es faci-ei

  28. Decide what is the stem of the noun ex: caput, capit-is • skeleton, skeleti • os, ossis • cranium, cranii • orbita, orbitae • collum, colli • cervix, cervicis • thorax, thoracis • costa, costae • discus, disci • processus, processus • vertebra, vertebrae • pelvis, pelvis • coxa, coxae • ilia, ilium • coccyx, coccygis • ischium, ischii • pubes, pubis • symphysis, symphysis • nasus, nasi • dens, dentis • mandibula, mandibulae • clavicula, claviculae • scapula, scapulae • sternum, sterni • humerus, humeri • arcus, arcus • radius, radii • ulna, ulnae • metacarpus, metacarpi • carpus, carpi • phalanx, phalangis • femur, femoris • patella, patellae • tibia, tibiae • fibula, fibulae • metatarsus, metatarsi

  29. Read and write down the number of declension 0. corpus, oris, n. cutis, is, f. 1.caput, itis, n. 2. capilli, orum, m. 3. facies, ei, f. 4. os, oris, n. lingua, ae, f. 5. mentum, i, n. 6. axilla, ae, f. 7. brachium, ii, n. 8. cubitus, i, m. 9. antebrachium, ii, n. 10. carpus, i, m. 11. pollex, icis, m. 12. palma, ae, f. 13.,18. digitus, i, m. 14. sulcus, i, m. 15.,28. penis, is m. 16. femur, oris, n. 17. genu, us, n. 19. frons, frontis, f. 20. oculus, i, m. 21. nasus, i, m. 22. auris, is, f. 23. bucca, ae, f. 24. collum, i, n. cervix, icis, f. 25. pectus, oris, n. 26. abdomen, inis, n. 27. hypogastrium, ii, n. 29. truncus, i, m. 30. manus, us, f. 31. crus, cruris, n. 32. tarsus, i, m. talus, i, m. 33. pes, pedis, m. 34. hallux, ucis, m. 3 3 3 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 3

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