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Animal Systematics

Animal Systematics. Systematics. The study of biological diversity and classification classification of living organisms by evolutionary relationship . Classification. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish naturalist Developed the modern taxonomic classification system. Kingdom Phylum

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Animal Systematics

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  1. Animal Systematics

  2. Systematics • The study of biological diversity and classification • classification of living organisms by evolutionary relationship

  3. Classification • Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Swedish naturalist • Developed the modern taxonomic classification system

  4. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla Gorilla gorilla Linnean System of Classification

  5. Division Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Order Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Species Subspecies Eukarya Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Tetrapoda Mammalia Theria Eutheria Primates Anthropoidea Hominidae Ponginae Gorilla Gorilla gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei Revised Linnean System

  6. Binomial Nomenclature • Genus + species • Examples: • Rana catesbeiana: bull frog • Turdus migratorius: American robin • Homo sapiens: modern human • Mucosa domestica: house fly • Subspecies sometimes included • Gorilla gorilla beringei: mountain gorilla

  7. What is an Animal • Eucaryotic • cells divided into organelles • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • do not produce own nutrients • Lack cell walls • Tissues linked by proteins (e.g. collagen)

  8. What is an Animal • Cells often linked by cell junctions • gap, adhesion, tight • Possess electrogenic cells • nerve cells and muscle cells • Reproduce sexually (diploid) • sperm + egg → zygote → blastula → gastrula → larva → adult

  9. Major Evolutionary Divergences Among Animals • Development of Tissues • Development of Body Plans • Development of Body Cavities • Developmental Origin of the Coelom

  10. Development of Tissues • Development of aggregations of similar cells into patterns and layers • Parazoa (sponges) – lack tissues • Eumetazoa – possess tissues

  11. Development of Body Plans • Pattern of body and structure • Number of embryonic cell layers • Radiata (e.g. jellyfish, hydra) • radial symmetry • diploblastic (2 germ cell layers) • Bilatera (everything else) • Blateral symmetry • Triploblastic (3 germ cell layers)

  12. Development of Body Cavities • Acoleomates (flatworms) • no body cavities • Pseudocoelomates (rotifers, roundworms) • body cavity not surrounded by mesoderm (pseudocoelom) • Coleomates (everything else) • body cavity enclosed by mesoderm (coelom)

  13. Developmental Origin of the Coelom • Coelomates are divided into two gorups based upon: • Pattern of cell cleavage during early development • When cell developmental fate is determined • How the coelom is formed • How the digestive tract is formed during gastrulation

  14. Protostomes • Mollusks, earthworms, insects, etc. • Spiral cleavage • cell division diagonal to vertical axis • Determinant cleavage • development into tissues determined very early in cleavage • Schizocoelous • coelom forms by splitting solid masses of mesoderm in • Blastopore forms mouth

  15. Deuterostomes • Starfish, vertebrates • radial cleavage • cell division at right angles to vertical axis • indeterminant cleavage • development into tissues determined later in cleavage • enterocoelous • coelom forms by mesoderm layer budding from archenteron • blastopore forms anus

  16. Parazoa:Phylum Porifera • sponges • little cell differentiation • sessile • no nerve or muscle cells • porous body • enables water circulation through the body • flow driven by choanocytes • food collected and digested by amoebocytes

  17. Radiata:Phylum Cnidaria • Corals, jellyfish, anemones, corals • gastrovascular cavity • central compartment with single opening • two basic body plans: • polyp – usually sessile • medusa – motile form

  18. Radiata:Phylum Cnidaria • tentacles arranged around opening to the gastrovascular cavity • lined with nematocysts • stinging cells • possess nerve cells forming nerve net • no central nervous system • possess muscle-like cells

  19. Radiata:Phylum Ctenophora • Comb jellies • Similar in appearance to jellyfish • Possess comb-like plates of cilia used for locomotion • Collect food with tentacles covered with colloblasts (lasso cells)

  20. Acoelomates:Phylum Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • gastrovascular cavity with one opening • true muscle tissue • primitive excretory system (water balance) • sensory organs in head (photoreceptors, chemoreceptors) • central nervous system (ganglia in head w/ ventral nerve cords)

  21. Acoelomates:Phylum Platyhelminthes • Major Classes • Turbellaria • planarians (free living) • Monogenea and Tremotoda • flukes (parasites) • Cestoidea • tapeworms (parasites)

  22. Pseudocoelomates:Phylum Rotifera • Rotifers • complete digestive tract • separate mouth and anus • pseudocoelomic fluid acts as circulatory system • cilia lining crown draw water into the mouth

  23. Pseudocoelomates:Nematoda • Nematodes (roundworms) • complete digestive tract • pseudocoelomic fluid acts as circulatory system • longitudinal muscle orientation • aquatic habitats, soils, plant and animal parasites

  24. Protostome Coelomates:Phylum Nemertea • Proboscis worms • acoelomous body, except for fluid-filled sac used to extend proboscis • similar excretory, sensory and nervous systems to flatworms • complete digestive tract • closed circulatory system (blood confined to vessels)

  25. Protostome Coelomates:Lophophorate Phyla • possess lophophore • ciliated fold around mouth • no head • U-shaped digestive tract

  26. Protostome Coelomates:Lophophorate Phyla • Bryozoans • sessile, resemble moss, hard exoskeletons • Phoronids • horseshoe worms • Brachiopods • resemble bivalves

  27. Protostome Coelomates:Phylum Mollusca • Mollusks • Major Classes: • Class Polyplacophora • chitons • Class Gastropoda • snails and slugs • Class Bilvalvia • clams, oysters, mussels, etc. • Class Cephalopoda • octopus, squid, nautiluses

  28. Protostome Coelomates:Phylum Mollusca • Muscular foot • visceral mass • contains organs • gills (respiration) • complete digestive tract w/ specialized organs • open circulatory system (blood not confined to vessels) • mantle • covers visceral mass, secretes shell

  29. Protostome Coelomates:Phylum Annelida • Annelids (segmented worms) • hydrostatic skeleton • coelom in repeating segments with alternating longitudinal and circular muscles, setae, and metanephridia (excretion) • closed circulatory system • several specialized regions in digestive tract • cerebral ganglia with ventral nerve cord

  30. Protostome Coelomates:Phylum Annelida • Major Classes • Class Oligochaeta (earthworms) • Class Polychaeta (polychaetes) • Class Hirudinea (leeches)

  31. Protostome Coelomates: Phylum Arthropoda • specialization of body segments • specialized limbs, etc. • hard exoskeleton • protein and chitin • high cephalization of sensory organs • open circulatory systems • blood (hemolymph) not confined to vessels

  32. Arthropods:Chelicerates • claw-like feeding appendages (chelicerae), lack antennae • Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites) • 2 body segments (cepahlothorax and abdomen) • 6 pairs of appendages • chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pr walking legs extend from cephalothorax • book lungs • enhances gas exchange btw hemolymph and air

  33. Arthropods:Uniramians • jaw-like feeding appendages (mandibles), 1 pair of antennae, unbranched appendages • Class Diplopoda – millipedes • Class Chilopoda – centipedes • Class Insecta – insects • three body segments (head, thorax, abdomen) • many possess wings • specialized digestive system • Malpighian tubules (excretion) • tracheal system (respiration)

  34. Arthropods:Crustaceans • mandibles, 2 pair of antennae, branched appendages • Class Crustacea • possess gills • salt glands (hemolymph salt balance) • Groups • Isopods (e.g. pill bugs) • Copepods (e.g. Cyclops) • Decapods (crabs, lobsters, etc.)

  35. Deuterostome Coelomates :Phylum Echinodermata • sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers • adults have radial symmetry • bilateral larvae • endoskeleton of hard plates • water vascular system • used to manipulate tube feet

  36. Deuterostome Coelomates :Phylum Chordata • Lancelets tunicates, vertebrates • Characteristics of embryos: • possess notochord • longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tract and nerve cord • possess dorsal hollow nerve cord • have pharyngeal slits • modified for gas exchanges, jaw support, hearing, etc. • have muscular postanal tail

  37. Invertebrate Chordates • Subphylum Urochordata • tunicates • sessile marine animals • chordate characters seen only in larvae • Subphylum Cephalochordata • lancelets

  38. Subphylum Vertebrata • Characteristics • neural crest formation during embryonic development • vertebral column + skull • pronounced cephalization of sensory and neural apparati • closed circulatory system • Agnathans • lack hinged jaws, notochord present throughout life • Gnathostomes • possess hinged jaws, notochord replaced by vertebrae, paired appendages • Tetrapods • Possess two pairs of appendages

  39. Superclass Agnatha • lack hinged jaws, • notochord present throughout life • no paired appendages • lampreys and hagfish

  40. Superclass Gnathostoma:Jawed Fish • Class Chondrichthyes • Sharks, rays • cartilaginous skeletons • Class Osteichthyes • bony fish (bone skeletons) • Subclass Actinopterygii • Ray-finned fish • Subclass Sarcopterygii • Lobe-finned fish

  41. Superclass Tetrapoda:Class Amphibia • Characteristics • tetrapods (4 limbs)- terrestrial movement • aquatic larval stage • moist, permeable skin • Anurans • frogs and toads • Urodeles • salamanders and newts • Caecilians • legless, fossorial amphibians

  42. Superclass Tetrapoda:Class (?) Reptilia • Reptiles • Scaly, impermeable skin • Amniotes • Lay shelled amniotic eggs • Chelonians (Testudines) • Turtles • Lepidosaurians • Tuatara, snakes, lizards • Archosaurs • Crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds

  43. Superclass Tetrapoda:Class Aves • Birds • Amniotes • Possess feathers • Possess wings (flight) • Endothermic • most body heat generated internally • Two-circuit circulatory system

  44. Superclass Tetrapoda:Class Mammalia • Mammals • Possess hair • Possess mammary glands • Endothermic • Two-circuit circulatory system • Most give birth to young (amniotic) • Diaphragm for active ventilation of lungs

  45. Superclass Tetrapoda:Class Mammalia • Groups • Monotremes • lay eggs • platypuses, echidnas • Marsupials • embryo completes development in pouch • kangaroos and opossums • Eutherians • form placenta • cats, humans, squirrels

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