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Geometric Optics

Geometric Optics. Outline. Basics Reflection Mirrors Plane mirrors Spherical mirrors Concave mirrors Convex mirrors Refraction Lenses Concave lenses Convex lenses. A ray of light is an extremely narrow beam of light.

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Geometric Optics

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  1. Geometric Optics

  2. Outline • Basics • Reflection • Mirrors • Plane mirrors • Spherical mirrors • Concave mirrors • Convex mirrors • Refraction • Lenses • Concave lenses • Convex lenses

  3. A ray of light is an extremely narrow beam of light.

  4. All visible objects emit or reflect light rays in all directions.

  5. Our eyes detect light rays.

  6. We think we see objects. We really see images.

  7. Images are formed when light rays converge. converge: come together

  8. When light rays go straight into our eyes, we see an image in the same spot as the object. object & image

  9. Mirrors It is possible to see images when converging light rays reflect off of mirrors. image object

  10. normal reflected ray incident ray θr θi Mirror Reflection(bouncing light) Reflection is when light changes direction by bouncing off a surface. When light is reflected off a mirror, it hits the mirror at the same angle (θi,the incidence angle) as it reflects off the mirror (θr,the reflection angle). The normal is an imaginary line which lies at right angles to the mirror where the ray hits it.

  11. Mirrors reflect light rays.

  12. How do we see images in mirrors?

  13. object image Light from the object reflects off the mirror and converges to form an image. How do we see images in mirrors?

  14. Sight Lines object image We perceive all light rays as if they come straight from an object. The imaginary light rays that we think we see are called sight lines.

  15. Sight Lines object image We perceive all light rays as if they come straight from an object. The imaginary light rays that we think we see are called sight lines.

  16. Image Types object & image object image window mirror Real images are formed by light rays. Virtual images are formed by sight lines.

  17. di do Plane (flat) Mirrors ho hi object image Images are virtual (formed by sight lines) and upright Objects are not magnified: object height (ho) equals image height (hi). Object distance(do) equals imagedistance (di).

  18. Spherical Mirrors(concave & convex)

  19. r Concave & Convex(just a part of a sphere) • C • F f C: the center point of the sphere r: radius of curvature (just the radius of the sphere) F: the focal point of the mirror or lens (halfway between C and the sphere) f: the focal distance, f = r/2

  20. optical axis ConcaveMirrors(caved in) • F Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect through the focal point.

  21. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example) • F

  22. optical axis Concave Mirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point.

  23. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis.

  24. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis. A realimage forms where the light rays converge.

  25. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example 2) • F

  26. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example 2) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point.

  27. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example 2) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis.

  28. optical axis Concave Mirror(example 2) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis. The image forms where the rays converge. But they don’t seem to converge.

  29. optical axis ConcaveMirror(example 2) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis. A virtual image forms where the sight rays converge.

  30. optical axis Your Turn(Concave Mirror) object • F concave mirror • Note: mirrors are thin enough that you just draw a line to represent the mirror • Locate the image of the arrow

  31. optical axis Your Turn(Concave Mirror) object • F concave mirror • Note: the mirrors and lenses we use are thin enough that you can just draw a line to represent the mirror or lens • Locate the image of the arrow

  32. optical axis ConvexMirrors(curved out) • F Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis reflect from the focal point. The focal point is considered virtual since sight lines, not light rays, go through it.

  33. optical axis Convex Mirror(example) • F

  34. optical axis Convex Mirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point.

  35. optical axis ConvexMirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis.

  36. optical axis Convex Mirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis. The light rays don’t converge, but the sight lines do.

  37. optical axis Convex Mirror(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and reflects through the focal point. The second ray comes through the focal point and reflects parallel to the optical axis. The light rays don’t converge, but the sight lines do. A virtual image forms where the sight lines converge.

  38. object optical axis Your Turn(ConvexMirror) • F convex mirror • Note: you just draw a line to represent thin mirrors • Locate the image of the arrow

  39. object optical axis Your Turn(Convex Mirror) image • F convex mirror • Note: you just draw a line to represent thin mirrors • Locate the image of the arrow

  40. Lens & Mirror Equation • ƒ = focal length • do = object distance • di = image distance • f is negative for diverging mirrors and lenses • di is negative when the image is behind the lens or mirror

  41. Magnification Equation • m = magnification • hi = image height • ho = object height • If height is negative the image is upside down • if the magnification is negative • the image is inverted (upside down)

  42. normal θi air glass block θr θi air θr normal Refraction(bending light) Refraction is when lightbends as it passes from one medium into another. When light traveling through air passes into the glass block it is refracted towards the normal. When light passes back out of the glass into the air, it is refracted away from the normal. Since light refracts when it changes mediumsit can be aimed. Lenses are shaped so light is aimed at a focal point.

  43. Lenses The first telescope, designed and built by Galileo, used lenses to focus light from faraway objects, into Galileo’s eye. His telescope consisted of a concave lens and a convex lens. light from far away object convex lens concave lens Light rays are always refracted (bent) towards the thickest part of the lens.

  44. • F optical axis ConcaveLenses Concave lenses are thin in the middle and make light rays diverge (spread out). If the rays of light are traced back (dotted sight lines), they all intersect at the focal point (F) behind the lens.

  45. optical axis Concave Lenses • F Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis diverge from the focal point. The light rays behave the same way if we ignore the thickness of the lens.

  46. optical axis ConcaveLenses • F Light rays that come in parallel to the optical axis still diverge from the focal point.

  47. optical axis ConcaveLens(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and refracts from the focal point.

  48. optical axis Concave Lens(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and refracts from the focal point. The second ray goes straight through the center of thelens.

  49. optical axis Concave Lens(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and refracts from the focal point. The second ray goes straight through the center of the lens. The light rays don’t converge, but the sight lines do.

  50. optical axis Concave Lens(example) • F The first ray comes in parallel to the optical axis and refracts from the focal point. The second ray goes straight through the center of the lens. The light rays don’t converge, but the sight lines do. A virtual image forms where the sight lines converge.

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