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Comprehensive Overview of Gastroenterology: Mouth to Rectum Terminology

This unit delves into critical medical terminology related to gastroenterology, covering the anatomy and functions of the mouth, teeth, tongue, lips, gums, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus. It includes combining forms and specific conditions like stomatitis, glossitis, and various gastrointestinal disorders. Each section presents crucial terms to aid in understanding diseases and surgical procedures involving these organs. Aimed at medical professionals and students, this material provides a foundational grasp of gastrointestinal terminology for effective communication and study.

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Comprehensive Overview of Gastroenterology: Mouth to Rectum Terminology

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  1. Medical Terminology Unit 7 Gastroenterology

  2. Mouth Teeth Tongue Lips gums Esophagus Stomach Stomat/o Dent/o, Odont/o Gloss/o, Lingu/o Cheil/o Gingiv/o Esophag/o Gastr/o Organ Combining Form

  3. Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum ileum Large intestine Sigmoid colon Enter/o Duoden/o Jejun/o ile/o Col/o Sigmoid/o Organ Combining Form

  4. Rectum Anus and rectum Accessory organs Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Rect/o Proct/o Hepat/o Cholecyst/o Pancreat/o Organ Combining Form

  5. Stomat/o = Mouth • Stoma = mouth • Stomat/itis: Inflammation of the mouth • Stomat/o/plasty: Surgical repair of the mouth • Stomat/algia: Pain in the mouth • Stomat/o/rrhagia: Hemorrhage of the mouth • Stomat/o/myc/osis: Condition of mouth fungus • Stomat/o/pathy: Any disease of the mouth • Stomat/o/scope: An instrument for examining the mouth • Stomat/o/scopy: The process of examining with stomatoscope

  6. Stomatitis

  7. Gloss/o = Tongue • Gloss/itis: Inflammation of the tongue • Gloss/ectomy: Excision of the tongue • Gloss/algia: Pain in the tongue • Gloss/al: Pertaining to the tongue • Gloss/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the tongue • Gloss/o/scopy: Examination of the tongue • Gloss/o/plegia (n.): Paralysis of the tongue • Gloss/o/plegic (adj.): Paralysis of the tongue

  8. Lingu/o = Tongue • Lingu/al (adj.): Pertaining to the tongue • Sub/lingu/al or Hypo/gloss/al : Under the tongue

  9. Cheil/o = Lips • Cheil/itis: Inflammation of the lips • Cheil/o/plasty: Plastic surgery of the lips • Cheil/o/tomy: Incision of the lips • Cheil/osis: Condition or disorder of the lips • Cheil/o/stomat/o/plasty: Plastic surgery of the lips and mouth

  10. Gingiv/o = Gums • Gingiv/al: Pertaining to the gums • Gingiv/itis: Inflammation of the gums • Gingiv/algia: Gum pain • Gingiv/ectomy: Excision of gum tissue • Gingiv/o/gloss/itis: Inflammation of the gums and tongue • Lingu/o/gingiv/al (adj.): Tongue and gums

  11. Process of chewing Process of swallowing Chemical breakdown of food Movement of nutrients from intestine to the blood Expelling solid waste Sold waste material Mastica/tion Ingestion Diges/tion Absorption Defeca/tion Feces, stool, bowel movements Gastrointestinal Passage

  12. Esophag/o = Esophagus • Eso-= Toward • Phag/o = Swallow • Esophag/eal (adj.): Pertaining to esophagus • Esophag/o/sten/osis: Narrowing of the esophagus • Esophag/o/gastr/ic: Pertaining to the esophagus and stomach • Gastr/o/esophag/eal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic heartburn and esophageal irritation caused by Reflux of stomach acid into an esophagus

  13. Stenosis (Pyloric Stenosis)

  14. Gastr/o = Stomach • Gastr/o/rrhagia: Stomach hemorrhage • Gastr/itis: Inflammation of the stomach • Gastr/ic: Pertaining to the stomach • Gastr/ectasia: Dilatation (stretching) of the stomach • -ectasia = stretching or dilatation • Gastr/o/enter/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the stomach and small intestine • Gastr/o/enter/o/logy: Specialty that studies diseases of the stomach and intestine

  15. Enter/o = Small intestine, Intestine • Enter/ic: Pertaining to intestine • Enter/itis: Inflammation of the intestine • Dys/enter/y: Disorder of the intestine characterized by inflammation, pain, and diarrhea • i.e. amoebic dysentery • Gastr/o/enter/ic: Pertaining to the stomach and small intestine • Enter/o/rrhagia: Hemorrhage of the small intestine • Enter/o/cele: Intestinal hernia

  16. Enter/o = Small intestine, Intestine • Enter/o/clysis: Washing or irrigation of the small intestine • Enter/o/plegia: Paralysis of the small intestine • Enter/ectasia: Dilatation of the small intestine • Enter/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the small intestine • Enter/o/centesis: Surgical puncture of the small intestine • Enter/o/scope: Instrument to examine the small intestine

  17. Col/o = Colon (Large intestine) • Col/ic or colonic: Pertaining to the colon • Col/o/centesis: Surgical puncture of the colon • Col/o/pexy: Surgical fixation of the colon • Col/ostomy: Making a new opening into the colon • Col/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the colon

  18. Colon = Large Intestine

  19. Diverticula • Outpouching that develop in the colon wall • Diverticul/osis: condition of having diverticula • Diverticul/itis: inflamed or infected diverticula

  20. Washing/irrigation of: Colon Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus and Rectum Col/o/clysis Gastr/o/clysis Enter/o/clysis Rect/o/clysis Proct/o/clysis -clysis = Washing or Irrigation

  21. Sigmoid/o = Sigmoid colon • Sigmoid/o/scope: An instrument used to examine the sigmoid colon • Sigmoid/o/scopy: The procedure of examining the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope

  22. Rect/o = Rectum • Rect/al: Pertaining to the rectum • Rect/o/cele: Herniation of the rectum • Rect/o/scope: Instrument for examining the rectum • Col/o/rect/al: Pertaining to the colon and rectum • Rect/o/scopy: The process of examining the rectum with a rectoscope • Rect/o/scopic (adj.): Pertaining to rectoscopy

  23. Rect/o = Rectum • Rect/o/plasty: Plastic surgery of the rectum • Rect/o/rrhaphy: Suturing (stitching) of the rectum • Rect/o/urethr/al: Pertaining to the rectum and urethra • Rect/o/cyst/o/tomy: Incision of the bladder through the rectum

  24. Proct/o = Anus and Rectum • Proct/o/logist: One who specializes in diseases of the anus and rectum • Proct/o/logy: The study of diseases of the anus and rectum • Proct/o/plegia: Paralysis of the anus and rectum • Proct/o/scope: Instrument used to examine rectum • Proct/o/scopy: Examination of rectum with a proctoscope • Proct/o/rrhaphy: Suturing of the rectum and anus • Proct/o/pexy: Surgical fixation of the rectum and anus

  25. Constipation • Con/stip/a/tion is manifested by infrequent, small amount of hard consistancy bowel movements. • Comes from Latin word parts meaning “to withhold” or “press together” • Cathartics (laxatives) cause liquification of the stool or relaxation of the bowel to ease defecation. • Constipation can be treated or prevented by eating high fiber diet, increasing water intake, and exercising regularly.

  26. Hepat/o = Liver • Hepar = Liver • Hepat/ic: Pertaining to the liver • Hepat/o/megaly: Enlargement of the liver • Hepat/o/scopy: Inspection of the liver • Hepat/o/pathy: Any disease of the liver • Hepat/o/tomy: Incision into the liver • Hepat/ectomy: Excision of the liver • Hepat/itis: Inflammation/infection of the liver

  27. Hepat/o = Liver • Hepat/o/rrhagia: Hemorrhage of the liver • Hepat/o/rrhaphy: Suture of a wound of the liver • Hepat/o/cele: Hernia of the liver • Hepat/o/dynia: Pain in the liver • Hepat/o/lith: Stone in the liver

  28. Pancreat/o = Pancreas • Pancreat/ic: Pertaining to the pancreas • Pancreat/o/lysis: Destruction of pancreatic tissue • Pancreat/o/lith: a stone or calculus in the pancreas • Pancreat/o/pathy: Any pancreatic disease • Pancreat/ectomy: Excision of part or all of the pancreas • Pancreat/o/tomy: Incision into the pancreas • Pancreat/itis: Inflammation of the pancreas

  29. Chol/e/cyst = Gallbladder • Chol/e/cyst/o/gram (or chol/e/cyst/o/graph): an x-ray of the gallbladder (or x-ray machine) • Chol/e/cyst/itis: Inflammation of the gallbladder

  30. Cholangi/o = Bile Duct • ERCP = Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangi/o/pancreat/o/graphy: • Radiographic examination of common bile duct and pancreatic duct by injecting contrast media through cannula inside an endoscope. Looks for an obstruction/blockage, usually by stones.

  31. A/tresia • A/tresia: Not perforated or not open. Closed ducts or tubes. • Biliary a/tresia: Bile ducts are not open • Intestinal a/tresia: A part of the intestine is closed • Esophageal a/tresia: Closed esophagus • Mitral a/tresia: Congenital closure of the mitral valve

  32. Esophageal Atresia

  33. Cirrh/osis • Kirrhos = Orange-yellow • Cirrh/osis: dysfunctional liver disease, occurs as a result of malnutrition, alcoholism, poisoning, or a history of hepatitis

  34. Splen/o = Spleen • Splen/ectomy: Excision of the spleen • Splen/o/megaly: Enlargement of the spleen • Splen/o/ptosis: Prolapse of the spleen • Splen/o/pexy: Surgical fixation of the spleen • Splen/o/pathy: Any disease of the spleen • Splen/o/rrhaphy: Suture of the spleen • Splen/o/rrhagia: hemorrhage from the spleen • Splen/algia: Pain in the spleen • Splen/ic: Pertaining to the spleen

  35. -ostomy = Anastomosis • Anastomosis is a surgical connection between tubular structures. • New connection between: • Esophagus & duodenumEsophag/o/duoden/ostomy • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine  Gastr/o/enter/o/col/ostomy • Esophagus & stomach  Esophag/o/gastr/ostomy • Small intestine & gall bladder  Enter/o/cholecyst/ostomy

  36. Jejunoileitis  Cholecystoduodenostomy  Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)  Cholangiopancreatography  Jejun/o/ile/itis Chole/cyst/o/duoden/ostomy Esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy Chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy (note: Answer is misspelled in the textbook p.212) Long words: Let’s insert slashes

  37. BM PO NPO EGD ERCP GERD Hep B HAV HBV HCV Bowel movement By mouth (per os) Nothing by mouth Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Gastroesophageal reflux disease Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Abbreviation

  38. HP GI GB NG HCL BE Helicobacter pylori Gastrointestinal Gall bladder Nasogastric Hydrochloric acid Barium enema Abbreviation

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