1. Parenthetical Citation Expository Research Paper

2. What is Parenthetical Citation? Parenthetical citation is the way the writer clearly communicates to the reader what source they are copying a quote from. “Parenthetical” refers to the fact that parentheses are used (like these!).

3. Review! When your writing only has one source, this is easy because you only need to put the page number in the parenthetical citation. This is what we already writing in our Out of the Dustand (will be!) in The Outsiders units. Example: “We’re poorer than the Socs and the middle class” (3).

4. Using more than one source However, when there is more than one source, the writer must also identify the source of the quote. The source will be the author’s last name with the page number in the parenthetical citation. Note the following examples.

5. Examples! Quote from a source with an author: “Picasso’s audience – meaning people who had heard of him and seen his work, at least in reproduction – was in the tens, possibly hundreds of millions. He and his work were the subjects of unending analysis, gossip, dislike, adoration and rumor” (Hughes 1). Quote from a source with an author using a signal phrase: Picasso said at age 76, “Everything I do is only one step on a long road” (Whitman 1).

6. No author How about an in-text citation for a source with an anonymous author? Many of you who used websites as resources will have this question.

7. Example The number of people who are becoming vegetarian has been on the rise since the 1970s (“Trends in Eating Habits” 4). Works cited entry: “Trends in Eating Habits.” Vegetarian Times Mar. 2000: 20-25. (notice how you have to complete your works cited page before you can correctly cite a source)

8. Note Why didn’t I use Vegetarian Times in my in-text citation rather than “Trends in Eating Habits”? if I had done so, my reader would have a hard a time locating the source in my works cited page. They would have been searching under “V for Vegetarian Times instead of “T” for “Trends.” In addition, what if I used several articles from Vegetarian Times? How would my reader know which one I was referring to?

9. When should I use parenthetical citation? • Include in-text citations for summaries, paraphrases and direct quotes. In other words, you should cite any information you did not come up with yourself! • Parenthetical citations occur after the quoted (or borrowed) material, but before the sentence’s punctuation in ordinary quotations/paraphrases. Example: “They shifted uneasily in their seats” (Lowry 61).