The Mention-Citation Sandwich Creating PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

1. MLA Documentation The Mention-Citation SandwichCreating PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS and A Works Cited Page

2. Basic Document Format • Double space everything • Last name and page number on right margin of header • Information at top of page one is standardized (your name, instructor name, class, date) • Title is centered • Works Cited page appears on separate page after the text is finished

3. Sample First Page

4. What is MLA? • Modern Language Association • Humanities • Most 4-year college classes will use • Other documentation styles • Chicago Style • APA • Used by Social Sciences • Most handbooks do cover APA • Many other specialized • Once you learn one, others easy to adapt • All include citations within the text (or endnotes or footnotes) and some type of bibliography

5. A Three-Pronged Attack • Mention • In the paper, you will introduce sources • Get used to phrases like, “According to….” • Citation • Parenthetical citations signal the end of source material • Works Cited Page • Your book/handbook provides models

6. Come right out and say it! Use the author’s full name and article or book title the first time. Author’s last name thereafter. Sample: According to Models for Writers by Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, “To describe is to create a verbal picture” (343). Rosa and Eschholz go on to give an example written by Thomas Mann of a deli (343). Part 1: The Mention

7. What goes inside the parentheses will vary by what source you have. Print sources: Author’s last name and page number (Smith 25). Electronic sources won’t have a page number: (Smith). Anonymous articles or books: abbreviation of the title— “Time for a Change” would become (“Time” 27) or (“Time”). Sample: According to Models for Writers by Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, “To describe is to create a verbal picture” (343). Rosa and Eschholz go on to give an example written by Thomas Mann of a deli (343). Part 2: The Citation

8. The Citation refers the reader to the Works Cited page for more info. That's why what goes in the parentheses is whatever comes first in the entry on the Works Cited list.

9. The Mention-Citation Sandwich • It is NOT ok to just have a citation at the end of a paragraph • Implies that only the last sentence came from the source • By starting with a mention and ending with a citation, you make it clear everything from point A to point B came from that same source • Examples….

10. Incorrect The traditional Southern “lady” is the mistress of her husband’s plantation and a “symbol of lost virtue” in that the Southern men hadn’t been able to insure her safety during the Civil War..... A wife’s vocation was to enhance the comfort, social status, and masculinity of her husband” (Blackwelder 98). Correct In “Ladies, Belles, Working Women, and Civil Rights,” Julia Kirk Blackwelder offers a model of the traditional Southern “lady”: she is the mistress of her husband’s plantation and a “symbol of lost virtue” in that the Southern men hadn’t been able to insure her safety during the Civil War.... A wife’s vocation was to enhance the comfort, social status, and masculinity of her husband” (98). The Mention-Citation Sandwich

11. Works Cited Page • Purpose: to give the reader the information necessary to find the source for him or herself. • Contains all bibliographic information such as author, title, source, dates, etc. • The information you will need includes: • Author, Title, Source, Date, Place/Publisher, Medium and sometimes more.

12. Works Cited Rules • Alphabetized by author’s last name. • If no author, the title is used. • Double-spaced using “hanging indent.” • Comes at the end of your paper but is part of the same document.

13. Other Tidbits • Capitalization of Titles • Use initial capitalization even if the source you got it from does not! (Online sources are notorious for not following MLA rules.) • Quotation Marks for Titles • Magazine articles, songs, TV episodes, poems, stories, etc. • Italics for Titles • Books, CD’s, TV shows, movies, journals, websites etc.

14. Creating Entries • All books & textbooks which cover how to cite sources do so by example • The LSCC Library has kindly provided a handout that gives samples based on our databases and other resources • Also examine the sections in our textbooks that give samples of Works Cited entries. • Use your handbook first!

15. Computer Help with Works Cited • When finished typing the paper itself, press Enter • Go to the INSERT menu and insert a PAGE BREAK • Center the phrase “Works Cited” • Press ENTER, return to the Left Margin, and turn on “Hanging Indent” • Use the Format/Paragraph Menu • Can also use the Ruler

16. Adding Source Material to Your Paper Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summary

17. Quoting • Word-for-word inclusion of information from a source. • Indicated as a quote with quotation marks. • When to use? When the original wording is particularly striking or important. • Avoid over-using quotes, especially long quotes that will have to be indented.

18. Paraphrasing • More than just re-wording. • Cannot have the same sentence structure. • A statement wholly in your own words that captures information from a source. • Will not use quotation marks, but will still indicate that a source is involved—mention/citation sandwich!

19. Summarizing • Similar to paraphrase in that summary is in your own words and does not mimic the structure of the original in any way. • The difference is that summary boils something large into something smaller. • A whole book could be summarized in one paragraph. • A whole paragraph or essay might take up only one sentence.

20. Clarity is Key • How does your reader know what ideas are yours and what come from your sources? • By using the Mention-Citation Sandwich, you will always make it clear where you end and where your sources begin. • The following slide offers a sample from a research paper with the “source” areas inside the red mention-citations, and original material in blue.

21. One artist who has recently come under fire is Reggae performer Beenie Man. As Peter Bailey’s article “Beenie Man Feels the Heat” points out, “Beenie Man is … taking heat from gay activists for his violently homophobic lyrics” (Bailey).Even if music like Beenie Man’s doesn’t make kids commit violent acts, you do have to wonder how appropriate it is for kids. OutRage President Peter Tatchell says, “’We’re talking about someone who is saying you should burn gay people alive’” (Bailey).Clearly, such acts are not acceptable. Bailey goes on to discuss a criminal case currently pending against Beenie Man in England. There, it is illegal “to use threatening words to incite violence” (Bailey).

22. Now What? • Your mission….. • To successfully document sources in your Research Paper and any paper you ever write in which you get material from a source other than your brain • The payoff…. • Your instructors will love you! • You will never inadvertently plagiarize again! • See your instructor or the Learning Center for extra help! by Jacklyn R. Pierce Original Content for Slides

23. Working on the Works Cited Page

24. Print Sources on the Works Cited Page

25. Citing A One Author Book Author Last, First. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

26. Citing A Two Author Book Author Last, First and First Last. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael and Dan Jones. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

27. Citing A Three Author Book Author Last, First, First Last, First Last. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael, James Smith and Dan Jones. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

28. Citing A Four or More Author Book Author Last, First, et al. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael, et al. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

29. Citing A One Editor Book Author Last, First, ed. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael, ed. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

30. Citing A Two Editor Book Author Last, First and First Last, eds. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael and Dan Jones, eds. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

31. Citing A Three Editor Book Author Last, First, First Last, First Last, eds. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael, James Smith and Dan Jones, eds. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

32. Citing A Four or More Editor Book Author Last, First, et al., eds. Title. City: Publisher,Date. Medium. Freeman, Michael, et al., eds. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Print.

33. Use the same format for naming authors and editors in books, articles, and websites, whenever the names are available.

34. Citing Articles with Author Author Last, First. “Title of Article.” PeriodicalDate: Page(s). Medium. Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+. Print.

35. Citing Articles with No Author “Title of Article.” Periodical Date: Page(s). Medium. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+. Print.

36. Citing Article Dates Weekly: 20 Dec. 2005: Monthly: Dec. 2005: Bimonthly: Nov- Dec. 2005: “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+. Print.

37. Citing Articles with Volumes and Issues “Title of Article.” PeriodicalVolume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Journal 22.3 (2005): 224+. Print.

38. Web Sources on the Works Cited Page

39. E-Book Author Last, First. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Source. Medium. Retrieved Date. Freeman, Michael. Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003. NetLibrary. Web. 21 May 2009

40. Magazine from a Database Author Last, First. “Title of Article.” PeriodicalDate: Page(s). Source. Medium. Retrieved Date. Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 May 2009.

41. Journal Article from a Database Last, First. “Title of Article.” Periodical Volume. Issue (Year): Page(s). Database. Medium. Retrieved Date. Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the NFL.”Sports Journal 22.3 (2005): 224+. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 May 2009.

42. Citing Documents on Websites “Title of Article.” Name of Website. Date of Last Update. Medium. Date Retrieved. “Surveillance Under the USA Patriot Act.” American Civil Liberties Union. 3 Apr. 2003. Web. 22 Apr. 2009. Include author’s or editor’s name before the title if one is available. Generally, common websites do not indicate an author.

43. Are you still stuck? Libraries: Leesburg 352-365-3586 S. Lake 352-536-2148 Sumter 352-568-3074 Learning Center: Leesburg 352-365-3554 S. Lake 352-536-2156 Sumter 352-568-3074 If you need more citation examples go to http://www.lscc.edu/library/citation.htm. For assistance from a librarian or tutor call: