UNIT 10 FIRST AID

1. UNIT 10FIRST AID

2. First aid is immediate and temporary treatment of a person who has been injured or become ill.

3. The primary aim of first aid is to save lives in a critical situation

4. Basic rules of first aid to follow are; • ensuring the airway is clear, • checking and restoring circulation, • stopping the bleeding, • covering the wound to prevent infection and • obtaining help and preparing to transport.

5. REVIVAL METHODS The revival methods are: 1-Heimlich manoeuvre 2- Artificial Respiration (Rescue Breathing) 3-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

6. Heimlich manoeuvre The Heimlich manoeuvre is the best known method of removing an object that blocks the airway of a person.

8. To perform the Heimlich manoeuvere: • Stand behind the victim • wrap your arms around his or her waist, • bend the person slightly forward. • make a fist with one hand • place it slightly above the person's navel and • grasp your fist with the other hand • press hard into the abdomen with an upward thrust • repeat until the object is expelled from the airway.

9. 2- Artificial Respiration (Rescue Breathing) If the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration must be started immediately; otherwise the brain will be damaged after a few minutes because of lack of oxygen.

11. Steps for artificial respiration are: • Clear the victim’s airway , • tilt his/her head back (unless possible neck injury ) • Pinch nostrils, seal the mouth • Start to blow, watch for chest to rise and fall • Repeat 12-16 times per minute for adults 16-20 times per minute for children

12. 3-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is used in heart attack,choking, and drowning. • In these situations, the person is unconscious and has stopped breathing.

13. The goal of CPR is to restore circulation.

14. If you are unable to find a pulse in an unconscious person, heart compression is necessary to restore circulation.

15. These compressions must be coordinated with artificial respiration; the breathing delivers air to the lungs; heart compression pumps the oxygenated blood to the brain.

17. CPR can cause injury to a person's ribs, liver, lungs, and heart.

18. However, these risks must be accepted if CPR is necessary to save the person's life.

20. Injuries & Disorders

21. Asphyxia or Obstruction of Air Passage • Symptoms: Bluish face and lips, gasping, inability to speak, unconsciousness.

22. Treatment: For asphyxia caused by gas or fumes, remove victim to a clear atmosphere; use artificial respiration.

23. Try the Heimlich manoeuvre if the victim’s airway is blocked.

24. Bleeding • Treatment: Apply pressure over wound with wad of sterile gauze or other clean material.

25. If bleeding continues, elevate wound. If bleeding still continues, apply pressure to blood vessels leading to area.

26. Use a tourniquet only when it has been decided that the sacrifice of a limb is necessary to save life.

27. Burns Burns are divided into three degrees: • First-degree burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned. • Second-degree burns are those in which the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin is also burned. • Third-degree burns are the most serious and involve all layers of skin.

28. Treatment: Cold water may be applied to first and second degree burns. • All burns should be covered with sterile non-adherent dressings.

29. Chemical burns should be washed with large quantity of water.

30. Drowning • Treatment: If the victim is not breathing, begin artificial respiration at once; • if the victim vomits, turn the head to the side to allow drainage and clear the airway of any remaining particles with your finger, continue artificial respiration.

31. Fractures and Joint Injuries • Symptoms: Pain or tenderness, deformity of bones, swelling, discoloration.

32. Treatment: Prevent movement of injured parts until splint is applied, splint entire limb before moving.

33. splint

34. For sprains, elevate affected part and apply cold compresses. • Elastic bandages may be used for immobilization.

35. Hypothermia • Hypothermia results from the loss of body heat.

36. Immersion in cold water or exposure to cool air can lead to hypothermia.

37. Symptoms: Shivering, muscle stiffness, slurred speech, stumbling and drowsiness

38. Treatment: The condition is severe when shivering has stopped. Unconsciousness and stopped breathing may follow. • The goals of first aid are to prevent further loss of body heat and to get medical help quickly.

39. Move the victim to shelter. • Remove wet clothing and wrap in warm covers. • Give warm drinks if the victim is conscious. • Monitor breathing and pulse. • Give artificial respiration if needed. If there is no pulse give CPR, otherwise continue AR.

40. Poisoning • The poison may be solid, liquid or gas. • The poison can be taken in through the lungs, swallowed, injected or absorbed through the skin.

41. Symptoms: Nausea, bellyache, diarrhoea, expansion of pupils, abnormal breathing, unconsciousness, convulsions, vomiting, and sweating.

42. Treatment: Remove the poison and prevent the damaging effects of poisoning.

43. Shock • Symptoms: Cold and pale skin, weak pulse, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, faintness.

44. Treatment: The best first aid for shock is proper care for the injury or illness that caused it.

45. Ensure a clear airway and give artificial respiration if necessary. • Keep victim lying down and covered enough to prevent loss of body heat.

46. Victims in shock may improve if the feet are raised 20–30 cm.

47. For electric shock, cut off current or separate victim from contact with electricity and administer CPR.

48. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1- What is the primary aim of first aid?

49. 2- What are the revival methods?

50. 3-What a situation is CPR used for?