Growth and Conflict: America Grows Up

1. Growth and Conflict: America Grows Up Chapters 11-16

2. A Second War for Independence The War of 1812

3. Election of 1808 • James Madison hand-picked to succeed Jefferson • Highly qualified; lots of governmental experience (Continental Congress, Consitutional Convention, Jefferson’s SoS) and well respected (Federalist papers, “Father of the Constitution”) • Short, quiet, intellectual, and unassuming, he was dominated by both his party and his cabinet. “All men having power ought to be distrusted to a certain degree.”

4. Effects of Napoleon’s War • Continental System + British Orders in Council + Impressment = Embargo Act of 1807 > Non-Intercourse Act > Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Macon’s Bill No. 2: If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation

5. Betting on the Wrong Horse • Napoleon’s foreign minister says that the French decrees might be lifted if Britain lifted its Orders in Council. • Message was deliberately ambiguous • Madison gambled that Britain would repeal its restrictions rather than see America trade exclusively with France. • Powerful Britain had no reason to revoke its acts, and Madison was forced to reestablish the embargo on Britain

6. Fighting the Indians • “war hawks” – hot-headed Congressmen from the South and West that called for war against Indians or the British • Blamed British for “inciting insurrection” amongst the tribes • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (“the Prophet”), attempted to organize a confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a revival of traditional culture. • Defeated by William Henry Harrison, at the Battle of Tippecanoe. • Effectively ended the Indian confederacy.

8. A “Second War for Independence” • America’s reasons for entering the War of 1812: • “Freedom of the seas” • The possibility of territorial expansion • To resolve Indian issues • Defeating Britain would increase America’s power and international standing. • often called the "Second War for American Independence."

9. War of 1812 The initial goal was to conquer Canada… …no, really. • War Hawks demanded an invasion of Canada and the expulsion of Spain from Florida • Believed that the British were instigating American Indian attacks • Slaves escaping into Florida • The attack was poorly planned and poorly executed by poor generals. The Americans lost.

10. The British press down towards Washington D.C. and set fire to the Capitol and the White House

11. Lies My Teacher Told Me • Dolley Madison did not run into the burning White House to save George Washington’s picture. • The Truth: Dolley refused to leave the White House in the hours preceding the burning of Washington before being assured that the large portrait of George Washington was removed from the walls and taken safely away from potential destruction or defacing by the encroaching enemy.

12. War Games!

13. Battle of Baltimore • Turning point of the war • The British Navy fired upon Fort McHenry for over 24 hours • The hope was the Americans would panic, evacuate the fort and leave Baltimore defenseless. • Americans fended off the attack and caused the British to retreat

14. The National Anthem is Born! The sight of the American flag still flying at dawn inspired Francis Scott Key to pen “The Star Spangled Banner”.

15. Battle of New Orleans In 1814 we took a little trip, Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississipp' We took a little bacon and we took a little beans, And we met the bloody British near the town of New Orleans. Chorus: We fired our guns and the British kept a comin'. There wasn't nigh as many as they was a while ago. We fired once more and they begin to runnin', On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come... There must have been a hundred of 'embeatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring; While we stood beside our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise. If we didn't fire a musket till we looked 'em in the eyes. We held our fire till we see'd their faces well; Then we opened up our squirrel guns and really gave 'em--Well. Chorus They ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles, And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em 'em, On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We fired our cannon till the barrel melted down, So we grabbed an alligator and we poured an other round. We put the ball between his teeth and powdered his behind, And when we touched the powder off the 'gator lost his mind. Chorus They ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles, And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em, On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

16. Battle of New Orleans • The British targeted New Orleans, putting the entire Mississippi Valley in jeopardy. • The Battle of New Orleans was the final major battle of the War of 1812. • Commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson • Defeated the British Army • Occurred after the war had officially ended • Made Jackson an instant celebrity and made Americans consider the war a “Win”

17. A Federalist Funeral • New Englanders were strongly against the war • Hartford Convention: NE Federalists met to draw up a list of demands to end the war and prevent future hostilities • Wanted to require a 2/3 vote for an embargo, new state, or war. • Supported a one-term president • Abolition of the Three-fifths clause in the Constitution • There was some talk of secession. • Presented their demands just after news of Jackson’s victory and the end of the war. • Made them look like unpatriotic crybabies • The Federalist Party never recovered

18. Treaty of Ghent • TheTreaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) was an armistice (a cease-fire) that ended the War of 1812. • Both sides simply agreed to lay down their arms. No land or loot was given or taken. The main issue of the war, impressment, was even left unmentioned.

19. Results of the War of 1812 • Effects of the War: • No geographical changes, and no major policy changes. • The destruction of the power of Indian tribes. • The British stopped (in practice) their policy of impressment • The Federalist Party was dead • New war heroes emerged • There was an upsurge of patriotism and sense of national pride. The feeling of national unity was at its highest point yet. • The importance of the war came in what the Americans won…respect.

21. Bell Ringer What are some of the problems you think America will experience as it grows in size and population?

22. Dates in Office: 1809-1817 Nickname: “Little Jemmy” or “His Little Majesty” Political Party: Democratic-Republican Major Events: Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 Hartford Convention James Madison

23. Era of Good Feelings “Era of Good Feelings” • Only one viable political party, supposedly the nation was politically united • There was an upsweep of nationalismafter the war. • James Monroe nicknamed the “era of good feelings” president

24. Nascent Nationalism • Knickerbockers: American fiction writers nicknamed for Washington Irving’sThe KnickerbockerTales. • The Tale of Rip Van Winkle andThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow • James Fenimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans) • The first American histories and literary magazines were published. • Painters began painting American landscape scenes (not mimicking European art).

25. Rush-Bagot Agreement • A treaty between the United States and Britain, providing for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes region. • The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.

26. The AmericanSystem • Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, initiated the American System—an economic plan for the country. • A strong banking system. • Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry. • Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals. • When Clay asked for federal money for "internal improvements" (building roads, canals, etc.), many opposed the bill. • South: felt the tariff only benefited the North; didn’t see any benefits in paying taxes for roads and canals in other states. • Since these things were not in the Constitution, they should be left up to the states (10th Amendment).

27. Cumberland Road • AKA: the National Road • Ran from western Maryland to Illinois • One of the first major improved highways in the US to be built by the federal government.

28. Western Growing Pains • By 1819, nine frontier states had joined the original 13. They'd mostly been admitted alternately, slave state then free state, etc. • Westward movement fueled by cheap land and easier transportation • "Wildcat banks“: State chartered banks, usually in sparsely populated areas. Distributed their own currency and gave easy credit.

29. Panic of 1819 • The Panic of 1819 started an almost predictable chain of panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred nearly every 20 years during the 1800s (1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893). • The BUS had become deeply involved with over-speculation (over-valuing, over-crediting) of frontier lands • Hit the West especially hard • The BUS called in loans to western "wildcat" banks, which caused them to go bankrupt; farmers lost their farms, and the B.U.S. was blamed. • Causes a distrust of Eastern banks

30. Manifest Destiny

31. Pushing West • Manifest Destiny- Common American idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific. • Had our eyes set on California and Oregon even though other nations had partial claims to it

33. Thirteen Colonies and Ceded Land

34. Louisiana Purchase

35. Treaty of 1818: • Drew a border line at 49° from MN westward to the Rocky Mountains. • For the time, Oregon would be jointly occupied.

36. Florida Cession • Florida had long been a refuge for pirates, smugglers, escaped slaves, and others who wanted to escape American law. Local Indian tribes from Florida were attacking Americans as well.

37. Florida Cession • President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to chase the Indians back into Florida. • Jackson led his army across the border into Spanish territory (an act of war). • Spain decided to make a deal, rather than go to war. • America paid $5 million and got Florida • Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to Texas • The southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude. De nada…. >:( Thanks!

38. Missouri is a Sticky Subject • In 1819, Missouri asked to join the U.S. as a slave state. • Tallmadge Amendment: Proposed amendment to MO’s statehood that would limit slavery • no more slaves be allowed into Missouri • slaves born to Missouri slave parents would be gradually emancipated. • This amendment was voted down in the Senate where southern states had an equal vote • The Missouri Compromise: • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state. • Regarding future slave land, an east-west line was drawn at 36°30’. All new states north of the 36°30’ line would be free, new states southward would be slave.

40. Monroe Doctrine • Monroe Doctrine- Declared that the American continents should no longer be viewed as open to colonization. • The Doctrine was issued most directly in response to Russia. It was applied to all Europeans nations however. • The Russians had started drawing back even before the doctrine. The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 set the southern boundary of Russian land at 54° 40'.

41. James Monroe Dates in Office: 1818 - 1825 Nickname: The Era of Good Feelings President Political Party: Democratic-Republican Major Events: Panic of 1819 Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise The purchase of Florida from Spain. The Rush-Bagot Agreement

42. The “Corrupt Bargain” • Four Candidates: Wm. H. Crawford, A. Jackson, H. Clay, J. Q. Adams • No majority in electoral college • Jackson got the most votes, but not a majority. Adams came in second, then Crawford, then Clay. • Vote goes to House of Reps.

43. The “Corrupt Bargain” • Henry Clay, as House Speaker, was in a unique position to influence the vote. • Crawford was out (suffered a stroke) • Jackson was Clay's main rival (they both were westerners) so Clay threw his support to Adams. Adams won. • Adams later named Henry Clay to be Secretary of State. The ordeal looked sneaky and was thus called the "Corrupt Bargain." • Corrupt or not, the 1824 election was a turning point. It energized the common man to get out and vote like he'd never done before.

44. John Quincy Adams Dates in Office: 1825-1829 Nickname: Old Man Eloquent Political Party: Democratic-Republican (duh!) Seen as honest, hard-working, and highly respected for his intelligence tactless One of the least successful Presidents irritable sarcastic disliked people

45. JQ Adams: The Chuck Norris of the 1800s? • Adams maintained a strict regiment of constant exercise that included a swift swim across the Potomac every morning. Even at 58 years old, Adams could reportedly swim the width of the Potomac in an hour. • He kept a pet alligator in the East Wing of the White House. JQA?

46. JQ’s Administration • Worked on developing the American System, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements • Adams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. It was rejected.

47. John Quincy Adams Dates in Office: 1825-1829 Nickname: Old Man Eloquent Political Party: Republican Major Events: “Corrupt Bargain” Ummm…. That’s about it.

48. Bell Ringer What are some of the problems you think America will experience as it grows in size and population?

49. Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828 • Andrew Jackson started campaigning for 1828 immediately following the “corrupt bargain." • Mudslinging came from both sides • Adams was dishonest and had procured the services of a servant girl for a Russian tsar's lust. • Jacksonwas crude, rude, prone to whiskey (fairly true), and Rachel Jackson was an adulteress. • The election itself was anti-climatic. Jackson won easily, 178 to 83 in the electoral vote. The votes split along sectional lines: the West and South for Jackson, the North for Adams.

50. Jackson as a Hero of the Common Man • Andrew Jackson was born among the common people rather than the elite of society • His parents were poor Irish immigrants • At age 11 he went to boarding school, but found school too slow; he preferred sports and fighting instead. • At age 13 he joined the South Carolina militia to fight in the Revolutionary war.