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Using and Citing Sources

Using and Citing Sources. How to Avoid Plagiarism. Lisa Donohoe Project Manager English Language and Nonproliferation Program James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Fall 2007 CIF Workshop. 1. The Contradictions of Research Writing. But…. Show you have done your research

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Using and Citing Sources

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  1. Using and Citing Sources How to Avoid Plagiarism Lisa Donohoe Project Manager English Language and Nonproliferation Program James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies Fall 2007 CIF Workshop 1

  2. The Contradictions of Research Writing But… • Show you have done your research • Appeal to experts and authorities • Improve your English by mimicking what you hear and read • Give credit where credit is due • Write something new and original • Improve upon, or disagree with experts and authorities • Use your own words, your own voice • Make your own significant contribution 2 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  3. Using Existing Knowledge • Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideas AND/OR • Paraphrase or quote, and cite • Paraphrase: restate information, giving the meaning in another form • Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”) • Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full source information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.) 3

  4. What is Plagiarism? (1) Deliberate Plagiarism Probably Accidental Plagiarism Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper Using the source too closely when paraphrasing Building on someone’s ideas without citation Hiring someone to write your paper Copying from another source without citing (deliberate or accidental) 4 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  5. What is Plagiarism (2) • Plagiarism is representing someone else's work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you use • a whole document • a paragraph • a single sentence • a distinctive phrase • a specialized term • specific data • a graphic element of any kind 5 Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

  6. What is Plagiarism? (3) • “…[using] an idea developed by another as if it were your own. If you use any work created by someone else as your own without acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in the work with your name on it, thus implying that it is your work, then you commit plagiarism.” 6 Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

  7. You Need To Cite When You… • Use or refer to someone else’s words or ideas • Gain information through interviewing another person • Copy the exact words or a “unique phrase” • Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, videos, music • Use other people’s ideas (printed, or through conversations or email) 7 Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

  8. You Don’t Need to Cite When You… • Write from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject • Use “common knowledge”--shared information in your field of study • Compile generally accepted facts • Write up your own experimental results 8 Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

  9. What is “Common Knowledge” • The same information uncited in at least five other sources • Information that your readers will already know • Information a person could easily find with general reference sources (encyclopedia) • General information NOT quoted directly 9 Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

  10. To cite or not to cite? Hamlet is the source for “To be or not to be.” Fact/Common Knowledge Quote “ Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent and disgusting, confused to utterly certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan. ” Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.” Granta 59, p. 251 10 Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

  11. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing has to do with … “the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern of thought…” Use your own words when you paraphrase, don’t just move things around 11 Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

  12. Example: Original "People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60) 12 Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

  13. Example: Original "People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60) Note quotes and proper citation. 13

  14. Plagiarized “Paraphrase” • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. 14 Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

  15. Stop for discussion: Why is this plagiarism? Plagiarized “Paraphrase” • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. 15 Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

  16. Plagiarized “Paraphrase” • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. Even with a citation, this is plagiarism. 16

  17. Sentence 1 • People sometimesregard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. 17

  18. Same wording. Sentence 1 • People sometimesregard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. 18

  19. Same wording. Sentence 1 Slight change of order • People sometimesregard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. 19

  20. Same wording. Word substitution too close Sentence 1 Slight change of order • People sometimesregard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. 20

  21. Same wording. Same order of information Word substitution too close Sentence 1 Slight change of order • People sometimesregard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. • Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. 21

  22. Sentence 2 • Since most people do not write books or articlesthat get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. • Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. 22

  23. Sentence 3 • False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are. • In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. 23

  24. Acceptable Paraphrase • According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who... 24 Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

  25. Acceptable Paraphrase • According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who... Citation is still required. 25

  26. When Researching, Notetaking, and Interviewing • Mark everything that is someone else’s words with a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marks • Indicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME) • Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes Writing Process: Appearance on final product: • Proofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways: • In-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks, indirect quotations 26 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  27. When Paraphrasing and Summarizing • First, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory. • Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases Writing Process: Appearance on final product: • Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ... • Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks: • "savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system.1 27 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  28. When Quoting Directly • Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paper • Select those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style Writing Process: Appearance on final product: • Put quotation marks around the text that you are quoting • Optional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quote • Indicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .) 28 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  29. When Quoting Indirectly • Keep the person’s name near the text in your notes, and in your paper • Rewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structures than the original text Writing Process: Appearance on final product: • Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that end • Double check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text 29 Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

  30. How to Cite • Footnote • Use automatic footnoting in Word • Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or end of document • According to Langacker,1 • In-Text Citation • According to Langacker (1973) • With an indirect quote, don’t need page number • “…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60) • With a direct quote, cite page number 1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60 30

  31. Citing a Photo in a Presentation Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Nodong Missile Spacewar.com Atomicarchive.com On last page of presentation, provide full citations according to regular citation guidelines. 31

  32. Complete Citation Information • Many styles, but information must include • Author • Title of work • Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet) • Name of publication • Date of work, date of publication • Page number • For book: Name of publisher, City of publication 32

  33. Examples: Book • Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 208. • Name of book in italics • Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1991 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), Table 6-1, p. 96. 33

  34. Article in a Journal • Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4. • Name of journal in italics • Title of article in quotes • Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993) 34

  35. Issue number Volume number Article in a Journal • Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4. • Name of journal in italics • Title of article in quotes • Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993) 35

  36. Newspaper & Magazine Articles • Felicity Barringer, “Chernobyl, Five Years Later the Danger Persists,” New York Times Magazine, April 14, 1991, pp. 28, 32. • Reuters, “Iraq Asks UN to Ease Hardships, Lift Sanctions,” Lost Angeles Times, February 9, 1993, p. A9. 36

  37. Reports & Resolutions • United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Report of the Secretary-General, UN General Assembly document A/48/344, October 11, 1993. • UN Security Council resolution 687, April 3, 1991. 37

  38. Internet • Web site • “Strutktura,” SRIAR Website, <http://www.niiar.simbirsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm. • Print publication on Web • Astrid Forland, “Norway’s Nuclear Odyssey,” Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htm>. • Online periodical • Svetlana Dobrynina, “Prodayetsya kvartira dlya mirnogo atoma,” Nezavisimaya gazeta online edition, July 24, 1999, <http://home.eastview.com/news/ng/>. 38

  39. Treaties • U.S. Department of State, “Nuclear Weapons Test Ban,” August 5, 1963. • “Denmark and Italy: Convention Concerning Military Service,” July 15, 1954. 39

  40. Interviews • Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary, James Chemical Engineering, Groton, Connecticut, telephone conversation with author, July 31, 1991. • Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author, Moscow, October 13, 1990. • Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with author, Moscow, October 13, 1990. 40

  41. Sources • Purdue University Online Writing Lab website,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html • “Graduate Honor System,” Graduate Honor System website, Virginia Tech, http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html • James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Style Guide,” Nonproliferation Review, http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdf • Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12. • Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History, Political Science, Education, English (Stamford Campus) website, University of Connecticut, http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html 41

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