1. Availability Reliability Safety Confidentiality Integrity Maintainability Attributes Fault Prevention Fault Tolerance Fault Removal Fault Forecasting Dependability Means ability to deliver service that can justifiably be trusted Faults Errors Failures Threats

2. Risk definition and expression • IEC 61508 (1998) – Combination of the probability of a damage and of its severity • MIL-STD-882D (Février 2000) – An expression of the impact and possibility of a mishap in terms of potential mishap severity and probability of occurrence Mishap severity Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Frequent High Probable Probability of occurrence Occasional Serious Remote Low Medium Improbable Appliocation domains (transportation, energy production, telecommunications, banking, etc.) Probabilities of occurrence and mishap severity

3. Risk assessment • Practices vary according to countries • France: ‘globally at least as relevant’ (GAMAB) • UK: ‘As low as reasonably possible’ (ALARP) • Germany: ‘Minimum endogenous mortality’ (MEM) • Risk management • Current situation: Risk level  strength of verification and validation activities • Software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification, DO-178-B • Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation, ISO/IEC Standard 15408

4. Addressed faults (e.g., accidental, malicious) • Coverage • Demonstration, analytical and experimental • Diversity Fault Prevention Fault Tolerance Fault Removal Fault Forecasting Means for dependability Verificationand Validation