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Evolution of Taxonomy: From Linnaean System to Three-Domain Classification

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ahoughton
15 diapositives · 196 Views · Jan 04, 2020

Explore the history and principles of taxonomy, including Linnaean System, phylogenetics, cladistics, and the modern Three-Domain System. Learn how biologists classify organisms based on evolutionary relatedness. Discover the complexity and detail added to classification systems over time.

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  1. Classification Chapter 18

  2. The Need for Systems • Taxonomy-the practice of naming and classifying organisms • Biologist use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms.

  3. Early Scientific Names • Genus- A taxon used to group similar objects • Binomial Nomenclature- A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name.

  4. Naming Rules • All scientific names for species are made up of two Latin or Latinlike terms.

  5. The Linnaean System • In the Linnaean System of classification, organisms are grouped at successive levels of a hierarchy based on similarities in their form and structure. • The 8 basic levels of modern classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

  6. Traditional Systematics • Scientists have traditionally used similarities in appearance and structure to group organisms. However, this approach has been proven problematic.

  7. Phylogenetics • Phylogeny-the ancestral relationship between species. • Grouping Organisms by similarity is often assumed to reflect phylogeny, but interpreting phylogeny is complex in practice.

  8. Cladistics Cladistics- a method of analysis that infers phylogenies by careful comparisons of shared characteristics. Cladistic analysis is used to select the most likely phylogeny among a given set of organisms.

  9. Inferring Evolutionary Relatedness • Biologists compare many kinds of evidence and apply logic carefully in order to infer phylogenies.

  10. Updating Classification Systems • Biologists have added complexity and detail to classification systems as they have learned more.

  11. The Three-Domain System • Today, most biologists tentatively recognize three domains and six kingdoms.

  12. Domain Bacteria • Domain Bacteria is equivalent to Kingdom Eubacteria. • Bacteria are prokaryotes that have a strong exterior cell wall and a unique genetic system.

  13. Domain Archaea • Domain Archaea is equivalent to Kingdom Archaebacteria. • Archaea have a chemically unique cell wall and membranes and a unique genetic system.

  14. Domain Eukarya • Domain Eukarya is made up of Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. • Eukaryotes are organisms composed of eukaryotic cells.

  15. Assignment • Pg. 441, 5-13, 16 • Pg. 442, 20, 26 • Pg. 443, 1-7