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Jewish-Arab Relations Under Ottoman Rule: Influence and Transformation in the 19th Century

This study explores the complex dynamics of Jewish-Arab relations during the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the 19th century. It examines the social, political, and economic transformations that affected both communities, including the impact of the Hatti Sharif reforms, increasing Jewish immigration, and the significant geopolitical shifts of the time. The millet system’s role in providing a degree of equality for Jews and Christians and its eventual challenges is analyzed, along with the rise of a sense of identity among Palestinians amidst a changing landscape.

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Jewish-Arab Relations Under Ottoman Rule: Influence and Transformation in the 19th Century

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  1. Jewish-Arab Relations under Ottoman Rule IAFS/JWST 3650 Istanbul

  2. Announcements • Map/plagiarism quiz retake on Thu • Use tally mark to indicate whether or not you’ll take quiz

  3. Announcements • IAFS summer seminar in Bordeaux

  4. Outline • Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Decline • ID and Society in Holy Land • Holy Land Significance

  5. The Ottoman Empire • Anatolian roots • 1453: capture of Constantinople

  6. The Ottoman Empire • 16th c expansion • Diverse population • Millet system based on dhimmi structure

  7. The Ottoman Empire • 16th c/17th c roots of decline • Internal problems • European economic competition

  8. Jews in 19th c Holy Land • Early 19th c: Greater Syria’s Jewish population ~25,000 • Roughly half in what became Palestine • Mostly in cities • Most Sephardim, some Ashkenazim

  9. Ottoman Decline (19th c) • Turmoil in Holy Land • 1831-1840: Egyptian occupation under Ibrahim • Ibrahim gave Jews and Christians equality with Muslims

  10. Ottoman Decline (19th c) • Empire-wide instability • 1839: Hatti Sharif of Gulhane • 1856: HattiHumayun

  11. Identity and Society in the Holy Land • Sanjaks(districts) within vilayets (provinces) • Notables: provided security (in theory), collected taxes • Jerusalem notables: derived power from religious offices

  12. Identity and Society in the Holy Land • Identity • Peasants: loyalty to land, village • Educated Arabs: sense of living in area called Palestine, within greater Syria

  13. Quickthink • 2-3 min small group discussion • Review, critical analysis • What’s the significance of the fact that in mid-19th c we don’t yet see clear Arab identity, let alone specifically Palestinian nationality?

  14. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Early 19th c Holy Land poor and neglected • 1850s: Christian pilgrimage tours • Pilgrims and tourists meant revenue, European attention

  15. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Shifting geopolitics • Egyptian autonomy • British/French rivalry re Suez isthmus Lizars, Daniel. Egypt [map]. [1831?]. 1:2,100,000. “David Rumsey Map Collection.”

  16. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Palestine (to be) increasingly important to Ottomans • Jerusalem made directly responsible to Constantinople • Increased stability

  17. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Economic and social improvements for Jews • Increased Jewish immigration • Jerusalem’s Jewish population: • 1839: ~5000 • 1850s: ~10,000

  18. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • British interest: • Humanitarian • Political: Jewish support for British aims in exchange for British protection

  19. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • New patterns of land ownership • Land title bought by small number of people • Peasants continued working land • Groundwork for later Zionist purchases

  20. Holy Land’s Increasing Status (19th c) • Rise in agricultural and industrial production • Wheat, cotton, citrus, soap • Preceded Zionist colonization

  21. Conclusions • Ottoman control of greater Syria brought stability, based on dhimmi system • 19th c: Greater Jewish and Christian equality unsettled this system • Shifting geopolitics of mid/late-19th c contributed to rise in status of Holy Land

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