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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. A Nation Divided. Lesson 1: North and South Grow Apart. Seek First to Understand. There were many differences between the North and South in the 1800s. Differences . Results: Sectionalism —loyalty to a section or part of the country rather than the whole country.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 A Nation Divided

  2. Lesson 1: North and South Grow Apart

  3. Seek First to Understand • There were many differences between the North and South in the 1800s.

  4. Differences Results: Sectionalism—loyalty to a section or part of the country rather than the whole country

  5. North and South Resources

  6. North and South Resources

  7. North and South Resources

  8. North and South Resources

  9. North and South Resources

  10. North and South Resources

  11. How Could They Make Their Circumstances a Win/Win Situation?

  12. Slavery-North and South • By 1850, most northern states had outlawed slavery. • In the south, slaves were used by plantation owners to harvest crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice. • Northern workers were free and paid for their work. However, in the northern factories, many put in long hours, under difficult conditions, for low pay.

  13. Seek First to Understand

  14. Profitable • Was profitable for the southern economy • Brought in more than twice as much money as the cost of owning the slave • Cotton was usually grown on large plantations • Many lived on small farms as wellwhere the farmer often worked alongside the slaves

  15. By 1860, there were almost 4,000,000 enslaved African AmericansFree and Enslaved African Americans 1820-1860

  16. Free to Vote? • Even free African Americans did not always have the same rights as whites • Even though some states no longer required white men to own land, they DID require black men to own land in order to vote.

  17. Seek First to Understand

  18. David Walker • Free African American • Abolitionist • Asked: “How would they like us to make slaves of …them?”

  19. Slave Owners Defend Slavery • Pointed to evils of factories in the north, where people worked long hours, in bad surroundings, for little pay. • Slave owners argued that slaves were better off than northern factory workers.

  20. Seek First to Understand

  21. Lesson 2: Resisting Slavery

  22. Resistance • Slaves resisted slavery in many ways: • Escapes • Refused to obey the owner • Worked less or at a slower pace • Pretended to be sick • Broke tools needed for work • Learning to readand write

  23. Seek First to Understand

  24. No Choices • Slaves had no choices: • Families were separated • Told when to work and when to stop • Could not leave without permission • Decided whether or not they could marry • Decided the age at which children began working

  25. Seek First to Understand

  26. Slave Codes • Laws were passed limiting the rights of slaves • Slave codes—laws to control behavior of slaves • Slaves could not hit a white person (even in self-defense) • Slaves were not allowed to own property • Few slaves were allowed to buy and sell goods

  27. Seek First to Understand

  28. Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Led a rebellion against slavery • Killed about 60 whites • US and Virginia troops were called in to stop them • Soldiers killed more than 100 African Americans • Turner escaped but was later captured and hanged

  29. Joseph Cinque • Led a rebellion against slavery • Seized control of a ship called Amistad (a Spanish slave ship) • He told the Africans, “We may as well die trying to be free.” • The Africans told a Spanish sailor to take them back to Africa • He tricked the Africans and took them along the coast of the United States until the US Navy captured them. • The Africans were taken as prisoners. • At first, the US planned to return them to the Spanish. • Abolitionists printed articles in newspapers of their plan • Their case eventually went before the Supreme Court

  30. Synergy

  31. Former President John Quincy Adams • Presented the case in favor of the Africans • He argued that the Africans were not property. They were humans and should not be returned to Spain. • Supreme Court reached a decision • It agreed with Adams and set the Africans free, and all 35 survivors sailed back to Africa later that year.

  32. Underground Railroad • Not a real railroad • Underground railroad—an organized, secret system set up to help enslaved people escape the South to freedom in the North or Canada. • Conductors—people who helped those escaping • Stations—the houses, barns, and other places where escaped slaves hid along their journey

  33. Synergy

  34. Escape? • They were guided by the North Star • On cloudy nights, they felt for moss on tree trunks, because moss tends to grow on the north side of trees. • All along the journey they faced the risk of capture, a severe beating, or death. • Between 40,000 and 100,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad

  35. Harriet Tubman • Most famous “conductor” • She escaped slavery herself • Settled in Philadelphia • Before the Civil War, she returned 19 times! • She led more than 300 people (including her mother and father) to freedom • She said, “I never ran my train off track and I never lost a passenger.”

  36. Levi Coffin • White teacher • “Conductor” on the Underground Railroad • Opened a school for slaves in North Carolina • Slave owners closed his school • He moved to Indiana and started “conducting”

  37. Catherine Coffin • Levi’s wife • Helped her husband “conduct” • Together they led more than 2,000 slaves to freedom

  38. Free African Americans • In 1860, 4.5 million Africans in US • 4.1 million in the South

  39. Fear • Although free, they feared losing their freedom. Any white person could accuse them of being a slave. • Without a certificate of freedom, African Americans in the South could be sent into slavery • Escaped slaves in the North could be kidnapped by slave catchers and returned to slavery in the South • Could not hold certain jobs • They were threatened by whites in the North and South over jobs

  40. Seek First to Understand

  41. Hope • Thousands found jobs • Thousands bought property

  42. Lesson 3: The Struggle Over Slavery

  43. Free or Slave State? • Free state—slavery is not allowed • Slave State—slavery is allowed • In 1819, the US was made up of 11 free states and 11 slave states • This means the number of senators were balanced as well (each state has 2)

  44. Think Win-Win

  45. New State • In 1819 Missouri asked for statehood as a slave state • Northern states did not want to add a slave state • Southern states took the opposite position.

  46. John C. Calhoun • From South Carolina • Leader of the southerners in the Senate • Believed in states’ rights (the idea that states have the right to make decisions about issues that concern them) • Believed slavery should be legal if a state wanted it to be

  47. Henry Clay • Senator from Kentucky • Known as the “Great Compromiser” • Urged a solution called the Missouri Compromise

  48. Missouri Compromise • Missouri was admitted as a slave state • Maine was admitted as a free state • Now there are 24 states (12 slave and 12 free) • It tried to settle issues of future states gaining statehood • It drew a line dividing north and south • Any state south of the line would be slave • Any state north of the line would be free

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