Imperialism

1. Roots of Western Imperialism Imperialism

2. Imperialism • One country takes control of another country • Government, trade, Culture • Types of Control • Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place. • Ex: Australia/settlement for Great Britain • Dependent Colonies: few European officials ruled non-European people. • Protectorates: Ruler kept title, but Europeans controlled area. • Spheres of Influence: area one nation had special interest.

3. Economic Motives: One word: INDUSTRIALIZATION • Control regions with the raw materials country needed • New markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Control) • Ex: Shirt and Ties in Africa • Cultural Motives for Imperialism • “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling: “half devil and half child.” Europeans were “helping” or “improving” them. • Missionaries: convert people to Christianity • Helped build schools to teach new culture • Medicine, Hygiene, and sanitation

4. North Africa • French: forced occupied Algiers (Ottoman Empire state) • Went after small state of Tunis (East of Algiers) • Tunis: Became a French protectorate. (Turkish Ruler, French government) • Morocco: appealing b/c of Strait of Gibraltar • Deal with Britain, Spain, and Italy (French take Morocco) • Not get in way of Britain (Egypt) or Italy (Libya), or Spain (Sphere of Influence with North Morocco) • British: Wanted Egypt • Suez Canal: through the Isthmus of Suez to connect to the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Egypt bough half stock • Egypt on verge of bankruptcy, so British buys and owns most of stock. (Sea route to India, Australia, and New Zealand). • Rebellion begins (British navy and troops were sent)

5. Fashoda Crisis: • Sudan: Egyptian colony that Britain and France wanted • Al Mahdi (expected one): led revolt against Egypt gaining control of major cities (Khartoum-Sudan capital) • British: invaded Sudan and defeated Mahdist army • French: Two years earlier, wanted to gain control of upper Nile (Jean-Baptiste Marchand). • French reached Fashoda • British arrive 2 months later (Both expected to go to war) • France yielded Sudan to Great Britain • Result: Great Britain and Egypt won joint control of area. • Great Britain: clearly the dominant partner (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan).

6. West Africa • Slave Trade (Most were abolished) turned to other trades: • Palm, Oil, Feathers, Ivory, Rubber • French: fought for control of Senegal for years. • Samory Toure: led revolt against France until captured • Claimed Senegal and area called French West Africa • Britain: went up against Ashanti • Took over Ashanti and Gold coast (Ghana) • France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal • Controlled most of West Africa • Liberia: independent state (United States helped)

7. Central and East Africa • Henry Stanley: wrote articles about his search of “Dr. Livingstone I presume” • King Leopold II of Belgium: personal colony of 900,000 in Central Africa. Only interest: Become wealthier • Sold business people rubber, slave labor • Turned over to Belgian government (Belgian Congo) • East Africa: famine helped colonize • Nations divided similar way of West Africa

8. South Africa: Competition • British seize Cape Colony: British possession • Boers: people that left colony that moved to the North and East in a mass migration. • Carved three states: Natal (SE), Orange Free State (W), and Transvaal (N). • Run into Zulu: fought for years over land (Britain helps Boers and Zulu are defeated) • Competition starts with diamonds found in Orange FS • Cecil Rhodes: British businessman who takes control of South African diamond production. • Expands production to the North Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Boer War: Boers in Transvaal kept British from opening mines. This led to war, and British defeated Boers • Allowed Boers to keep language in schools.

9. Effect of Imperialism on Africa • Europeans • Controlled all levels of government usually • Paternalism: belief that Africans could not govern themselves. • New farming, crops, medicine, roads and railroads • Sought out alliances (Europeans tried to take advantage) • Hoped for Assimilation: give up own culture and adopt another.

10. Asia • Nature of British Rule: • Roman Method: Divide and Rule • Granted Favors to Princes or Dealt Harshly • Active Rulers in India • Some made India permanent home • Two different cultures: British put themselves higher in society (Social circles of Europeans) • Western-Style Schools • Taught in English • Western Ideas • Regular school subjects • Either self-rule or Break all ties with Britain • British kept under tight rein

11. Japan-Imperialism • Meiji Restoration: group of samurai overthrew the Tougawashogunate then they returned the power to emperor. • Wanted government and social system similar to West. • Social Classes eliminated: Free to choose work • Voting=large amount of land owned • Two-house National Assmbly called Diet (The Elected) • Industrialization: new factory machinery from West • Sent students to West to learn about Western ideas. • Railroads and Telephones, Factories, Textile Industry • Raw materials: iron, ore, crude oil (Steel and build ships) • Wanted Korea • Rebellion in Korea led to Sino-Japanese War: China versus Japan. China was defeated by Japan. • Treaty of Shimonoseki: Korean Independence/Japan: Taiwan and area by Manchuria/Could trade in Chinal.

12. Southeast Asia • British Colonies: Two colonies: Manchuria and Sigapore • Singapore: Tip of Malay Peninsula/Strait of Malacca • French Gains: Siam • British had interests on one border, French on other • King Mongkut: helped modernize his country • Independent Siam was useful as a Buffer • Dutch East Indies: 1800’s, several revolts (Became Indonesia)

13. U.S Interest in Pacific Islands • Samoa Islands: U.S vs. Germany vs. Britain • U.S received Tutuila and six other small islands. • Germany: All other islands in Samoan group • Hawaiian Islands: US sugarcane and pineapple plantation. • Queen Liliuokalani: did not want foreigners to control Hawaii. • Business leaders gained control (US takeover)

14. Imperialism in Latin America • Spanish-American War: Spain vs. Cuba (Independence) • Maine: American battleship exploded in Havana harbor killing 260 Americans. Declared war on Spanish. • War begins in Philippines: Admiral Dewey: launches attack and Spanish fleet destroyed in seven hours • In Cuba, T. Roosevelt led “Rough Riders in San Juan Hill • U.S fleet sunk remaining ships • Treaty of Paris: Cuban Independence • Gave up Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico (For 20 million) • Uncorporated territories of United States. • Platt Amendment: • Cuba not to enter any agreements with foreign powers • United States could intervene with Cuban affairs if necessary • Must least Guantanamo Bay to U.S

15. Panama Canal: • Needed quicker way to move ships between Atlantic and Pacific. • Opened in 1914: world’s greatest engineering feats at time • Shortened sea rout from NY to San Francisco by 8,000 miles • Roosevelt Corollary: • If any countries on W. Hemisphere in danger, U.S would come to its protection. • Latin American countries would repay their loans.

16. Mexico Revolution • Porfirio Diaz: dictator for 30 years (Rich Mexicans control) • Jailed Francisco Indalecio Madero (opponent for presidency) which started a rebellion. • Victoriano Huerta: Madero’s own govt betrayed him and seized control of government. Madero prisoned and shot • Venustaiano Carranza: revolt against Huerta which caused civil war (millions of lives lost). • When US soldiers were arrested, Wilson took action • Pancho Villa: continued to fight Carranza for control of revolution. • Villa raided small town of Columbus, New Mexico more than a dozen American soldiers. • John Pershing: captured Villa and troops • US went deeper into Mexico but withdrew in 1917 (WW1 in Europe).